Table 2.
Demographic and laboratory characteristics of African American ACCORD MIND participants
| Variable at MIND Visit | All | Kidney disease absent* | Kidney disease present* | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean±SD; Median or % | N | Mean±SD; Median or % | N | Mean±SD; Median or % | ||
| Age (years) | 484 | 61.7 (5.7) 61.0 | 297 | 61.3 (5.4) 60 | 187 | 62.4 (6.0) 62 | 0.04 |
| Female sex | 484 | [62.6%] | 297 | [63.0%] | 187 | [62.0%] | 0.8 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 484 | 32.7 (5.5) 32.1 | 297 | 32.4 (5.3) 31.6 | 187 | 33.2 (5.7) 32.7 | 0.2 |
| Education | 0.02 | ||||||
| Some high school or less | 484 | [19.4%] | 297 | [15.5%] | 187 | [25.7%] | |
| High school graduate | 484 | [30.6%] | 297 | [34.3%] | 187 | [24.6%] | |
| Technical school/Associate degree | 484 | [30.8%] | 297 | [32.0%] | 187 | [28.9%] | |
| College graduate/Post-graduate | 484 | [19.2%] | 297 | [18.2%] | 187 | [20.9%] | |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 478 | 11.0 (7.7) 10.0 | 293 | 9.7 (7.1) 8 | 185 | 13.2 (8.2) 12 | <0.001 |
| Current or past Smoker | 483 | [52.8%] | 296 | [50.3%] | 187 | [56.7%] | 0.2 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 478 | 138.7 (18.7) 136.0 | 292 | 135.3 (17.0) 133.0 | 186 | 144.1 (19.9) 142.0 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 478 | 77.2 (10.8) 77.0 | 292 | 76.7 (10.4) 77.0 | 186 | 78.0 (11.4) 77.0 | 0.5 |
| Hypertension | 484 | [92.4%] | 297 | [89.9%] | 187 | [96.3%] | 0.01 |
| History of prior CVD | 484 | [20.9%] | 297 | [18.9%] | 187 | [24.1%] | 0.2 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 484 | 89.2 (19.5) 91.3 | 297 | 94.1 (15.9) 94.6 | 187 | 81.3 (21.9) 80.9 | <0.001 |
| eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2 | 484 | [8.1%] | 297 | [0.0%] | 187 | [20.9%] | <0.001 |
| eGFR <90 ml/min/1.73m2 | 484 | [47.7%] | 297 | [37.7%] | 187 | [63.6%] | <0.001 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 484 | 102.8 (282.7) 13.6 | 297 | 9.9 (6.7) 7.5 | 187 | 250.2 (414.5) 68.5 | <0.001 |
| UACR at MIND visit | |||||||
| 10–30 mg/g | 484 | [23.1%] | 297 | [35.0%] | 187 | [4.3%] | <0.001 |
| >30 mg/g | 484 | [34.5%] | 297 | [0.0%] | 187 | [89.3%] | <0.001 |
| 30–300 mg/g | 484 | [25.2%] | 297 | [0.0%] | 187 | [65.2%] | <0.001 |
| >300 mg/g | 484 | [9.3%] | 297 | [0.0%] | 187 | [24.1%] | <0.001 |
| Serum glucose (mg/dL) | 484 | 168.1 (63.5) 159.5 | 297 | 162.2 (58.3) 155 | 187 | 177.4 (70.2) 165 | 0.02 |
| Hemoglobin A1c | 483 | 8.6 (1.1) 8.3 | 296 | 8.5 (1.1) 8.3 | 187 | 8.7 (1.2) 8.4 | 0.1 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 484 | 110.1 (33.2) 105.0 | 297 | 110.3 (33.7) 104 | 187 | 109.8 (32.5) 107 | 0.7 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 484 | 48.5 (13.1) 47.0 | 297 | 48.7 (13.4) 47 | 187 | 48.1 (12.8) 47 | 0.7 |
| Use of statins | 484 | [62.6%] | 297 | [64.6%] | 187 | [59.4%] | 0.2 |
| Use of insulin | 484 | [40.7%] | 297 | [33.7%] | 187 | [51.9%] | <0.001 |
| GMV (cm3) | 104 | 439.6 (47.2) 427.2 | 69 | 441.1 (46.0) 425.4 | 35 | 436.8 (50.0) 428.1 | 0.5 |
| WMV (cm3) | 104 | 441.1 (53.8) 434.5 | 69 | 440.7 (53.2) 435.9 | 35 | 441.7 (55.8) 431.0 | 0.9 |
| Total brain volume (cm3) | 104 | 880.7 (87.9) 867.5 | 69 | 881.8 (88.0) 867.4 | 35 | 878.5 (88.8) 870.4 | 0.8 |
| WMLV, automated (cm3) | 104 | 1.9 (3.4) 0.8 | 69 | 1.6 (2.8) 0.6 | 35 | 2.6 (4.4) 1.4 | 0.05 |
| MMSE | 484 | 26.2 (2.9) 27.0 | 297 | 26.3 (2.8) 27 | 187 | 26.1 (3.0) 27 | 0.6 |
| RAVLTest delayed recall, 0–15 | 484 | 7.1 (2.5) 7.0 | 297 | 7.2 (2.5) 7.2 | 187 | 6.8 (2.5) 6.8 | 0.1 |
| Digit Symbol Coding, 0–133 | 479 | 44.5 (15.2) 45.0 | 294 | 45.9 (14.7) 47.0 | 185 | 42.3 (15.7) 42.0 | 0.005 |
| Stroop Interference | 480 | 38.0 (20.4) 34.0 | 295 | 36.6 (20.0) 32 | 185 | 40.1 (20.8) 36 | 0.04 |
Note: Conversion factors for units: cholesterol in mg/dL to mmol/L, ×0.02586; glucose in mg/dL to mmol/L, ×0.05551 MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GMV, gray matter volume HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; UACR, urine albumin-creatinine ratio; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; SD, standard deviation; WMV, white matter volume; MIND, Memory in Diabetes; ACCORD, Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes; WMLV, white matter lesion volume.
*
Kidney disease defined as eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2 and/or UACR ≥30 mg/g.