Table 4.
Association between kidney function measures with cognitive function
| Outcome | Predictor | Model | AA-DHS MIND | ACCORD MIND | Meta-analysis | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | SE | P | Parameter | SE | P | Parameter | SE | P | I2 | |||
| Digit Symbol Coding | UACR | 1 | −4.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | <0.001 | −3.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.04 | −4.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | <0.001 | 0 |
| Digit Symbol Coding | UACR | 2 | −5.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.003 | −3.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.1 | −4.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.001 | 0 |
| Digit Symbol Coding | UACR | 3 | −4.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.002 | −2.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.3 | −3.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.002 | 0.24 |
| Digit Symbol Coding | UACR | 4 | −4.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.003 | −2.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.3 | −3.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.003 | 0 |
| Digit Symbol Coding | eGFR | 1 | 2.0×10-3 | 2.0×10-3 | 0.3 | −2.0×10−3 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.5 | 6.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.7 | 0.27 |
| Digit Symbol Coding | eGFR | 2 | 5.0×10−3 | 3.0×10-3 | 0.05 | −4.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.9 | 2.0×10−3 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
| Digit Symbol Coding | eGFR | 3 | 2.0×10−3 | 2.0×10-3 | 0.3 | −2.0×10−3 | 3.0×10−3 | 0.5 | 6.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.7 | 0.25 |
| Digit Symbol Coding | eGFR | 5 | 7.0×10−4 | 2.0×10-3 | 0.8 | −2.0×10−3 | 3.0×10−3 | 0.3 | −7.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.7 | 0 |
| 3MS/MMSE | UACR | 1 | −2.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.2 | 2.0×10−5 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.9 | −9.0×10−5 | 9.0×10−5 | 0.3 | 0 |
| 3MS/MMSE | UACR | 2 | −2.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.2 | 4.0×10−5 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.8 | −8.0×10−5 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.5 | 0.12 |
| 3MS/MMSE | UACR | 3 | −2.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.1 | 3.0×10−5 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.9 | −1.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.2 | 0.22 |
| 3MS/MMSE | UACR | 4 | −2.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.1 | 3.0×10−5 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.8 | −1.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.3 | 0.19 |
| 3MS/MMSE | eGFR | 1 | 4.0×10−4 | 2.0×10-3 | 0.8 | −5.0×10−6 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.9 | 2.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.9 | 0 |
| 3MS/MMSE | eGFR | 2 | 2.0×10−3 | 3.0×10-3 | 0.5 | 8.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.7 | 1.0×10−3 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.5 | 0 |
| 3MS/MMSE | eGFR | 3 | 1.0×10−3 | 2.0×10-3 | 0.6 | 8.0×10−4 | 3.0×10−3 | 0.8 | 1.0×10−3 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.5 | 0 |
| 3MS/MMSE | eGFR | 5 | 4.0×10−4 | 2.0×10-3 | 0.9 | 6.0×10−4 | 3.0×10−3 | 0.8 | 5.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.8 | 0 |
| RAVLT delayed recall | UACR | 1 | 1.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.4 | −1.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.4 | 1.0×10−5 | 9.0×10−5 | 0.9 | 0.37 |
| RAVLT delayed recall | UACR | 2 | −1.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.6 | −2.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.2 | −2.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.2 | 0 |
| RAVLT delayed recall | UACR | 3 | 6.0×10−5 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.6 | −1.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.4 | −1.0×10−5 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.9 | 0 |
| RAVLT delayed recall | UACR | 4 | 5.0×10−5 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.7 | −2.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.3 | −3.0×10−5 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.8 | 0.07 |
| RAVLT delayed recal | eGFR | 1 | −7.0×10−4 | 2.0×10-3 | 0.7 | −2.0×10−3 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.5 | −1.0×10−3 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.5 | 0 |
| RAVLT delayed recall | eGFR | 2 | 2.0×10−3 | 3.0×10-3 | 0.5 | −2.0×10−3 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.5 | −2.0×10−5 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.9 | 0.06 |
| RAVLT delayed recall | eGFR | 3 | −8.0×10−4 | 2.0×10-3 | 0.7 | −3.0×10−3 | 3.0×10−3 | 0.3 | −2.0×10−3 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.4 | 0 |
| RAVLT delayed recall | eGFR | 5 | −5.0×10−4 | 2.0×10-3 | 0.8 | −4.0×10−3 | 3.0×10−3 | 0.2 | −2.0×10−3 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Stroop Interference | UACR | 1 | 2.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.05 | 2.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.2 | 2.0×10−4 | 9.0×10−5 | 0.02 | 0 |
| Stroop Interference | UACR | 2 | 3.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.06 | 2.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.2 | 3.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.03 | 0 |
| Stroop Interference | UACR | 3 | 2.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.05 | 1.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.5 | 2.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.04 | 0 |
| Stroop Interference | UACR | 4 | 2.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.1 | 1.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−4 | 0.4 | 2.0×10−4 | 1.0×10−4 | 0.08 | 0 |
| Stroop Interference | eGFR | 1 | −3.0×10−3 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.1 | −5.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.8 | −2.0×10−3 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Stroop Interference | eGFR | 2 | −5.0×10−3 | 3.0×10−3 | 0.05 | 2.0×10−4 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.9 | −2.0×10−3 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.2 | 0.54 |
| Stroop Interference | eGFR | 3 | −4.0×10−3 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.08 | 1.0×10−3 | 3.0×10−3 | 0.7 | −2.0×10−3 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.3 | 0.53 |
| Stroop Interference | eGFR | 5 | −3.0×10−3 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.2 | 2.0×10−3 | 3.0×10−3 | 0.5 | −1.0×10−3 | 2.0×10−3 | 0.6 | 0.46 |
Note: Model 1 covariates: age, sex and level of education;
Model 2 covariates: Model 1 + body mass index, hemoglobin A1c, hypertension and low-density lipoprotein -cholesterol; Model 3 covariates: Model 2 + diabetes duration, smoking status, history of cardiovascular disease; Model 4 covariates: Model 3 + eGFR; Model 5 covariates: Model 3 + UACR.
SE – standard error; 3MS, Modified Mini-Mental State Examination; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (in ml/min/1.73m2); MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examiniation; UACR, urine albumin-creatinine ratio (in mg/g); RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; AA-DHS, African American–Diabetes Heart Study; MIND, Memory in Diabetes; ACCORD, Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes.