Table 2.
HDT agents in the clinical trials for TB treatment.
| HDT agent | Hypothesis | No. of subjects | Dose | Hypothesis acceptance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PBA + vitamin D3 | PBA + vitD3 enhance recovery in PTB patients. | 288 | 500 mg (PBA) + 5,000 IU (VitD3) daily for 2 months | Yes | Mily et al. (97) |
| Vitamin D3 | i. VitD3 supplementation could augment faster recovery. | 259 | 600,000 IU two doses | Yes | Salahuddin et al. (99) |
| ii. VitD3 supplementation improves treatment response in PTB. | 199 | 50,000 IUs thrice weekly for 8 week | No | Tukvadze et al. (100) | |
| Prednisolone/prednisone (PN) | i. Adjunctive prednisolone treatment appraise anti-TB treatment in HIV negative advanced PTB patients. | 178 | 20 mg twice times a day | Yes | Bilaceroglu et al. (59) |
| ii. Prednisolone therapy enhances immune response HIV-infected TB patients. | 187 | 2.75 mg/kg for 4 weeks | No | Mayanja-Kizza et al. (101) | |
| iii. Adjunctive PN treatment enhances sputum culture conversion (meta-analysis). | 1806 | 134 mg/day | Yes | Wallis (102) | |
| Dexamethasone | i. Adjunctive dexamethasone treatment can reduce the risk of disability or death in TBM. | 545 | Patients were graded and different doses were administered | No | Thwaites et al. (103) |
| IFN-γ | i. IFN-γ treatment accelerates sputum smear conversion. | 5 | 500 µg three times a week for 1 month | Yes | Condos et al. (104) |
| ii. Adjuvant IFN-γ inhalation augments recovery in MDR-TB. | 6 | Two million IU three times a week for 6 months | No | Koh et al. (105) | |
| rIFN-γ | Adjunct rIFN-γ may reduce pulmonary inflammation and promote earlier sputum clearance. | 89 | 200 µg three times for 16 weeks | Yes | Dawson et al. (75) |
| IFN-α | Adjunct IFN-α treatment improves treatment response in MDR-TB | 7 | Three million IU, three times a week for 2 months | No | Giosuè et al. (106) |
| rIL-2 | i. rIL-2 treatment enhances both the immune response and bacterial clearance. | 110 | 225,000 IU twice daily for 30 days | No | Johnson et al. (107) |
| ii. Adjunct IL-2 supplementation enhance treatment response in MDR-TB. | 50 | 500,000 IU once every other day at the first, third, fifth, and seventh months | Yes | Shen et al. (108) | |
| Etanercept | TNF blockade suppress inflammatory response and enhance treatment response in HIV-associated TB | 16 | 25 mg, eight doses, twice weekly beginning on day 4 of anti-TB therapy | Yes | Wallis et al. (81) |
| Mesenchymal stromal cell | Adjunct autologous treatment with bone marrow-derived MSCs might improve clinical outcome in MDR/XDR-TB | 30 | Single-dose of 1 × 106 MSCs per kg | Yes | Skrahin et al. (72) |
PBA, phenylbutyrate; PTB, pulmonary tuberculosis; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IFN, interferon; rIFN-γ, recombinant IFN-γ; MDR, multidrug-resistant; XDR, extensively drug resistant.