Table 3.
Comparison of average scores on coping style use and helpfulness at baseline (Time 1), 1‐month (Time 2), and 3‐month (Time 3) follow‐up evaluations in intervention and control groups
| Coping style | Group | Part | Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | p value* (comparison) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||
| Confrontive | Trial | Use | 1.55 (0.60) | 2.75 (0.14) | 2.86 (0.11) | < .001 |
| Helpfulness | 2.00 (0.54) | 2.62 (0.17) | 2.71 (0.15) | < .001 | ||
| Control | Use | 1.75 (0.53) | 1.66 (0.40) | 1.65 (0.43) | NS | |
| Helpfulness | 1.65 (0.56) | 1.57 (0.40) | 1.55 (0.44) | NS | ||
| Evasive | Trial | Use | 1.75 (0.36) | 1.55 (0.15) | 1.55 (0.15) | < .01(T1 > T2,T3) |
| Helpfulness | 1.25 (0.46) | 2.60 (0.18) | 2.72 (0.19) | < .001 | ||
| Control | Use | 1.52 (0.42) | 1.52 (0.43) | 1.53 (0.43) | NS | |
| Helpfulness | 1.34 (0.45) | 1.39 (0.47) | 1.37 (0.50) | NS | ||
| Optimistic | Trial | Use | 2.09 (0.44) | 2.61 (0.17) | 2.68 (0.16) | < .001 |
| Helpfulness | 1.84 (0.60) | 2.68 (0.14) | 2.83 (0.11) | < .001 | ||
| Control | Use | 1.93 (0.48) | 1.67 (0.44) | 1.68 (0.41) | < .001(T1 > T2,T3) | |
| Helpfulness | 2.00 (0.58) | 1.63 (0.46) | 1.63 (0.48) | < .001(T1 > T2,T3) | ||
| Fatalistic | Trial | Use | 1.51 (0.74) | 1.00 (0.26) | 0.90 (0.23) | < .001 |
| Helpfulness | 0.84 (0.59) | 2.50 (0.40) | 2.58 (0.38) | < .001 | ||
| Control | Use | 1.22 (0.57) | 1.21 (0.50) | 1.24 (0.46) | NS | |
| Helpfulness | 0.95 (0.54) | 1.15 (0.60) | 1.16 (0.60) | < .05 (T1 < T3) | ||
| Emotive | Trial | Use | 1.68 (0.67) | 0.47 (0.24) | 0.26 (0.16) | < .001 |
| Helpfulness | 0.52 (0.42) | 2.65 (0.32) | 2.77 (0.29) | < .01 | ||
| Control | Use | 1.41 (0.48) | 2.12 (0.44) | 2.10 (0.47) | < .001(T1 < T2,T3) | |
| Helpfulness | 1.08 (0.47) | 1.93 (0.49) | 1.93 (0.48) | < .001(T1 < T2,T3) | ||
| Palliative | Trial | Use | 1.47 (0.46) | 1.79 (0.19) | 1.68 (0.16) | < .05 |
| Helpfulness | 1.38 (0.53) | 2.11 (0.19) | 2.06 (0.13) | < .001(T1 < T2,T3) | ||
| Control | Use | 1.74 (0.46) | 1.98 (0.48) | 1.97 (0.49) | < .01(T1 < T2,T3) | |
| Helpfulness | 1.38 (0.52) | 1.48 (0.52) | 1.51 (0.47) | NS | ||
| Supportive | Trial | Use | 1.72 (0.55) | 2.10 (0.20) | 2.12 (0.19) | < .001(T1 > T2,T3) |
| Helpfulness | 1.56 (0.59) | 2.53 (0.31) | 2.66 (0.27) | < .01 | ||
| Control | Use | 1.66 (0.48) | 1.69 (0.58) | 1.70 (0.57) | NS | |
| Helpfulness | 1.55 (0.59) | 1.40 (0.57) | 1.44 (0.52) | NS | ||
| Self‐reliant | Trial | Use | 1.91 (0.51) | 1.95 (0.15) | 2.01 (0.15) | < .001 (T3 > T2) |
| Helpfulness | 1.37 (0.55) | 2.67 (0.15) | 2.79 (0.14) | < .001 | ||
| Control | Use | 1.95 (0.59) | 1.41 (0.55) | 1.40 (0.53) | < .001(T1 > T2,T3) | |
| Helpfulness | 1.59 (0.54) | 1.11 (0.47) | 1.12 (0.45) | < .001(T1 > T2,T3) | ||
| Total score | Trial | Use | 1.77 (0.30) | 1.76 (0.07) | 1.74 (0.06) | < .05 (T2 > T3) |
| Helpfulness | 1.29 (0.37) | 2.56 (0.11) | 2.66 (0.09) | < .001 | ||
| Control | Use | 1.65 (0.34) | 1.66 (0.33) | 1.66 (0.32) | NS | |
| Helpfulness | 1.44 (0.37) | 1.46 (0.36) | 1.46 (0.34) | NS |
T1, Time 1; T2, Time 2; T3, Time 3; *For significant p values without ranking of times, there were differences between all three times. NS, Nonsignificant.