Table 2.
Serum antioxidant associations in subjects with Alzheimer's disease and controls
| Antioxidant | All (N = 559) |
Controls (n = 308) |
Cases (n = 251) |
Unadjusted odds ratio (CI) | Adjusted odds ratio (CI)∗ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
| Retinol (μmol/L) | 1.51 (0.66) | 1.57 (0.78) | 1.44 (0.47) | 0.65 (0.45–0.93) | 0.68 (0.44–1.07) |
| γ-Tocopherol (μmol/L) | 4.49 (2.18) | 4.14 (1.99) | 4.92 (2.32) | 1.19 (1.10–1.30) | 1.17 (1.05–1.31) |
| α-Tocopherol (μmol/L) | 17.7 (8.5) | 19.1 (10.2) | 16.0 (5.3) | 0.92 (0.90–0.95) | 0.92 (0.88–0.96) |
| Lutein (mmol/L) | 48.5 (28.5) | 53.3 (30.2) | 42.5 (25.0) | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) |
| Zeaxanthin (mmol/L) | 12.2 (6.99) | 13.7 (7.65) | 10.3 (5.54) | 0.90 (0.87–0.93) | 0.92 (0.88–0.96) |
| β-Cryptoxanthin (mmol/L) | 15.2 (12.9) | 17.8 (14.3) | 11.9 (10.0) | 0.95 (0.94–0.97) | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) |
| α-Carotene (mmol/L) | 23.6 (19.1) | 26.9 (20.9) | 19.6 (15.6) | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) |
| β-Carotene (mmol/L) | 123 (94.1) | 139 (105) | 103 (74.9) | 0.99 (0.99–0.99) | 0.99 (0.99–0.99) |
| Lycopene (μmol/L) | 0.44 (0.54) | 0.54 (0.60) | 0.32 (0.43) | 0.29 (0.17–0.49) | 0.32 (0.16–0.65) |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval.
∗
Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for age (years), number of APOE ε4 alleles, smoking (pack-years), systolic blood pressure, education (leaving school before 14 years).