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. 2017 Jul 19;3(3):432–439. doi: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.06.006

Table 2.

Serum antioxidant associations in subjects with Alzheimer's disease and controls

Antioxidant All (N = 559)
Controls (n = 308)
Cases (n = 251)
Unadjusted odds ratio (CI) Adjusted odds ratio (CI)
Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD)
Retinol (μmol/L) 1.51 (0.66) 1.57 (0.78) 1.44 (0.47) 0.65 (0.45–0.93) 0.68 (0.44–1.07)
γ-Tocopherol (μmol/L) 4.49 (2.18) 4.14 (1.99) 4.92 (2.32) 1.19 (1.10–1.30) 1.17 (1.05–1.31)
α-Tocopherol (μmol/L) 17.7 (8.5) 19.1 (10.2) 16.0 (5.3) 0.92 (0.90–0.95) 0.92 (0.88–0.96)
Lutein (mmol/L) 48.5 (28.5) 53.3 (30.2) 42.5 (25.0) 0.98 (0.98–0.99) 0.98 (0.97–0.99)
Zeaxanthin (mmol/L) 12.2 (6.99) 13.7 (7.65) 10.3 (5.54) 0.90 (0.87–0.93) 0.92 (0.88–0.96)
β-Cryptoxanthin (mmol/L) 15.2 (12.9) 17.8 (14.3) 11.9 (10.0) 0.95 (0.94–0.97) 0.96 (0.93–0.98)
α-Carotene (mmol/L) 23.6 (19.1) 26.9 (20.9) 19.6 (15.6) 0.97 (0.96–0.99) 0.98 (0.96–0.99)
β-Carotene (mmol/L) 123 (94.1) 139 (105) 103 (74.9) 0.99 (0.99–0.99) 0.99 (0.99–0.99)
Lycopene (μmol/L) 0.44 (0.54) 0.54 (0.60) 0.32 (0.43) 0.29 (0.17–0.49) 0.32 (0.16–0.65)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval.

Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for age (years), number of APOE ε4 alleles, smoking (pack-years), systolic blood pressure, education (leaving school before 14 years).