Table 1.
Studies describing regional grey matter changes in PwMS, and how these changes correlate to disability.
| Brain region | Study | Cohort |
EDSS | Disability scale | Disability related to | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HC | CIS | RR | SP | PP | |||||
| Basal ganglia | (Jacobsen et al., 2014) | 0 | 0 | 62 | 11 | 8 | 3.5 (0–6.0) | EDSS | Cortical & putamen volume |
| (Audoin et al., 2006) | 10 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0–3) | EDSS | Bilateral thalamic volume | |
| (Hagemeier et al., 2013) | 0 | 0 | 149 | 61 | 0 | 3.5 (2.1) | EDSS | Caudate, red nucleus, amygdala volume | |
| (Harrison et al., 2015a) | 15 | 0 | 28 | 6 | 3.0 (1.0–6.5) | EDSS | Thalamic lesion burden | ||
| Cortex | (Gorgoraptis et al., 2010) | 12 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 4.5 (2–6) | 25 ft. walk test | Primary motor cortex volume |
| (Harrison et al., 2015b) | 15 | 0 | 30 | 6 | 3 (1–6.5) | EDSS | Cortical lesion volume | ||
| (Hofstetter et al., 2014) | 0 | 0 | 68 | 0 | 0 | 1.75–3.25 | EDSS | Precuneus, postcentral gyrus volume | |
| (Khaleeli et al., 2007) | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 46 | 4.5 (1.5–7.0) | EDSS | Right primary motor cortex volume | |
| (Charil et al., 2007) | 0 | 0 | 425 | 0 | 0 | 2 (0–8.0) | EDSS | Anterior cingulate; insula; associative cortices volume | |
| (Chen et al., 2004) | 0 | 0 | 24 | 6 | 0 | (1.5–5) | EDSS | Parietal, precentral volume | |
| (Ramasamy et al., 2009) | 38 | 17 | 40 | 14 | 17 | 3.0 (0–7.5) | EDSS | Right parahippocampal, left lateral occipital and postcentral thicknesses; left accumbens and caudate | |
| Brainstem | (Jasperse et al., 2007) | 0 | 0 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 2.0 (2.0–2.5) | EDSS, 25 ft. walk test, 9HPT | Brainstem, cerebellum, peripheral & central cortical atrophy |
| (Edwards et al., 1999) | 0 | 0 | 21 | 20 | 0 | 3.6 (0–6.5) | Spinal EDSS; SNRS; disease duration | Spinal cord volume - EDSS, disease duration; brainstem & cerebellum volume - SNRS | |
| (Liu et al., 1999) | 10 | 0 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 3.5 (1–6) | EDSS; ambulation index | Brainstem volume | |
| (Liptak et al., 2008) | 29 | 0 | 32 | 8 | 5 | Not reported | EDSS; ambulation index | Medulla, upper cervical cord volume | |
| (Shiee et al., 2012) | 37 | 0 | 43 | 9 | 8 | 2.7 (0–6.5) | EDSS; 25 ft. walk test | Thalamus volume; brainstem volume | |
| Cerebellum | (Anderson et al., 2009) | 25 | 29 | 33 | 0 | 11 | 3.25 (1–8) | 9HPT | Cerebellar white matter volume |
| (Henry et al., 2008) | 49 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.1 (0.8) | 9HPT | Cerebellar volume | |
| (Damasceno et al., 2014) | 30 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 (0–4) | 25 ft. walk test; 9HPT; EDSS | Cerebellar intracortical lesions | |
| (Tjoa et al., 2005) | 15 | 0 | 41 | 6 | 0 | 3.3 (1–7) | 25 ft. walk test; EDSS | Dentate T2 hypointensity | |
EDSS: Expanded Disability Status Scale; SNRS: Scripts Neurological Rating Scale; 9HPT: 9 hole peg test.