Figure 3.

Segmented cortical model derived from patient L10’s brain MRI with superimposed subdural electrodes (red dots); high-γ modulations (HGM) for overt naming, covert naming, and natural conversation; and electrical cortical stimulation (ECS) findings (green lines: oral motor, yellow lines: language deficits, black lines: stimulated but no language/oral motor deficits, see text for definitions). Note HGM in posterior inferior frontal gyrus encroaching on middle frontal gyrus (Broca’s area and oral/facial motor cortex), premotor cortex, and temporal pole during overt but not during covert naming. Visual cortex activation in seen during both of these conditions. During natural conversation, HGM is limited to Broca’s area, oral motor representation, with some activation in posterior superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke’s area), but not in the visual cortex.