Fig. 3.

Diffusion behaviors of Li ions in the PLL electrolyte. (A) The Arrhenius plot of the PLL electrolyte at temperatures from 20 °C to 80 °C. Inset shows the EIS spectrum of the electrolyte at room temperature (25 °C). (B) t₊ of (i) PLL composite electrolyte, (ii) PEO-LiTFSI solid electrolyte, (iii) 1 M LiPF₆-EC/DEC, and (iv) 1 M LiTFSI-DOL/DME liquid electrolytes. (C and D) t₊ from the anode surface to the bulk electrolyte (C) after 1.0 s and (D) at the steady state with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of immobilized anions. These results were obtained from the finite-element method (FEM). (E and F) SEM images of Li metal plating on Cu foils with the presence of (E) PLL and (F) routine liquid electrolytes (1 M LiPF₆-EC/DEC). (Scale bars in E and F, 10 μm.)