Fig. 3.

(A) Free energy of adsorption of H₂O, H₂, CO₂, and CO on Ag(110) as a function of applied potential. (B) Free-energy profile of the Volmer–Heyrovsky reaction to produce H₂ over Ag(110) at −0.9, −1.0, and −1.1 V vs. RHE. (C) Free-energy profile of the CO₂RR over Ag(110) at −1.0 V vs. RHE via three different reaction mechanisms (RMs). The hydrogen donors in RM-1, RM-2, and RM-3 are *H, **H₂O, and H₂O, respectively. The free-energy profile for RM-3 at −1.0 and −1.1 V vs. RHE is also shown. (D) Comparison of total current density simulated for RM-1, RM-2, and RM-3 over Ag(110) with the total current density measured over polycrystalline Ag foil at 0.25-, 0.5-, 0.75-, and 1-atm partial pressures of CO₂ in 0.1 M KHCO₃ electrolyte.