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. 2017 Oct 20;7:13675. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14223-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Composition of gut microbiota changed with antibiotic treatment. (A) Principal component analysis of fecal microbiota. w: weeks of age. p < 0.01, PERMANOVA. (B) Time-dependent changes of fecal microbiota. Bacterial taxa at the order level are shown. (C) Relative abundance of detectable Lactobacillus spp. (Lacto., left panel) and that of Lachnospiraceae (Lachno., right panel) (n = 6 per group). The detectable Lactobacillus spp. were L. agilis, L. brevis, L. mucosae and L. reuteri, and the sum of their relative abundance is shown. Before: 3 and 8 weeks of age. After: 11 and 15 weeks of age. (D) Relative abundance of Bacteroidales, Clostridiales, and Bacillales before and after antibiotic treatment initiated at 9 weeks of age (n = 6 per group). *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.