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| Blood | Urine | |
| Reference value for the general population | <5 µg/l serum | <15 µg/l |
| Early signs of neurotoxicity | From around 13 µg/L plasma |
From around 120 µg/L (around 100 µg/g creatinine) |
| Critical value for the prevention of dialysis encephalopathy | 50 µg/L plasma | |
| Dialysis encephalopathy | From around 100 µg/L plasma |
