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. 2017 Oct 20;7:13712. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14146-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Identification and characterization of the TH1 gene. (a) The TH1 locus was mapped to a region between markers R2-15 and R2-16 on chromosome 2. The gene was further delimited to a 48-kb genomic region between markers C2-3 and C2-4. There are seven predicated ORFs within this region. (b) The TH1 gene structure. White and black box represent untranslated region and coding sequence, respectively. Lines represent intron. The start codon (ATG) and the stop codon (TGA) are indicated. The xd151, xd281, xd425 and s2-89 mutation sites in the TH1 gene are shown. (c) Comparison of the size of TH1 cDNA between WT and the xd151 mutant. The first intron was retained within the mRNA transcript. (d) Sequence alignment of the TH1 protein with three functionally characterized member of the ALOG family, i.e., Arabidopsis LSH1, rice TAW1 and G1. The conserved ALOG domain and nuclear localization sequence (NLS) are underlined. Mutations in × 281, xd425 and s2-89 are indicated by red arrowhead. (e) Complementation of grain morphology. Two transgenic lines B195-2 and B195-5 are shown in which the wild type TH1 genomic DNA was introduced into the s2-89 mutant.