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. 2017 Oct 20;7:13635. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13361-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The odor of E2D is sufficient to elicit approach response in blood-seeking animals. (A) Chemical structure of trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal (E2D). (B) Schematic drawing of the Y maze olfactory assay used for the fly behavioral experiment. (C) Mean percentage of flies choosing between E2D in a background of host odor and host odor only (left) and between E2D and cattle blood both in a host background. (D) A wolf displaying biting on the scented log, one of the eleven behaviors present in the ethogram. (E) Mean total number of interactions during a session with the four odor stimuli for the wolf pack. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean (SEM). *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.