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. 2017 Oct 20;7:13652. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13947-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Ependymal cilia of the brain lateral ventricle are classified into three types based on their beating frequency and angle. (a) Shown here are representative DIC images of the ependymal cells of the mouse brain lateral ventricle with the three types of motile cilia. The images of the ependymal cilia are taken from a time-lapse movie during a live imaging experiment. (b) Classification of ependymal cilia is based upon their beating frequency and angle. Each dot represents an independent experiment. Type I cilia are the fastest and has a beating frequency >60 Hz with a beating angle less than 90°. Type II beating frequency is between 30–60 Hz with a beating angle between 90°–135°. Type III cilia have the slowest beating frequency <30 Hz and a beating angle >135°.