Figure 1.

Using recombinant human full-length DKK-3 protein, the exogenous effects of DKK-3 were investigated with respect to Wnt/β-catenin signaling. (A) Cell samples were obtained prior to treatment and at 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment. The expression of p-β-catenin and non-p-β-catenin was examined in KPK1 human renal cell carcinoma cells via western blot analysis. β-actin was used as the loading control. (B) Cell samples were obtained prior to treatment and at 1, 6 and 24 h after treatment. The expression of p-β-catenin and p-GSK-3β was examined in the indicated human cancer cells via western blot analysis. DKK, Dickkopf-related protein; p-, phosphorylated; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β; REIC, reduced expression in immortalized cells.