Table. Viruses that are capable of causing viremia and found in human semen*.
| Virus | Family | Detection in semen, maximum detection time, d | Isolation from semen, maximum detection time, d | Evidence for sexual transmission within same cohort |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adenoviruses | Adenoviridae | AD | RCC | Unknown |
| Transfusion transmitted virus | Anelloviridae | NAA | No data found | Unknown |
| Lassa fever virus† | Arenaviridae | NAA, 103 | RCC, 20 | Unknown |
| Rift Valley fever virus† | Bunyaviridae | NAA, 117 | No data found | Unknown |
| Ebola virus | Filoviridae | NAA, 531 | RCC, 82 | Epi + mol + sem |
| Marburg virus† | Filoviridae | AD, 83 | RAS, 83 | Epi + sem |
| GB virus C | Flaviviridae | NAA | No data found | Epi + mol |
| Hepatitis C virus | Flaviviridae | NAA; AD | No data found | Epi + mol |
| Zika virus | Flaviviridae | NAA, 188 | RCC, 7 | Epi + mol + sem |
| Hepatitis B virus | Hepadnaviridae | NAA; AD | RAS | Epi + mol |
| Cytomegalovirus | Herpesviridae | NAA | RCC | Epi + mol + sem |
| Epstein Barr virus | Herpesviridae | NAA | No data found | Epi and semen |
| Human herpes virus 8 | Herpesviridae | NAA | RCC | Epi + mol |
| Human herpes virus 7 | Herpesviridae | NAA | No data found | Unknown |
| Human herpes virus 6 | Herpesviridae | NAA | No data found | Unknown |
| Human simplex viruses 1 and 2 | Herpesviridae | NAA; AD | RCC | Epi + mol + sem |
| Varicella zoster virus | Herpesviridae | NAA | No data found | Unknown |
| Mumps virus† | Paramyxoviridae | NAA, 40 | RCC, 14 | Unknown |
| Adeno-associated virus | Parvoviridae | NAA | RCC | Unknown |
| BK virus | Polyomaviridae | NAA | No data found | Unknown |
| JC virus | Polyomaviridae | NAA | No data found | Unknown |
| Simian virus 40 | Polyomaviridae | NAA | No data found | Unknown |
| HIV | Retroviridae | NAA; AD | RCC | Epi + mol + sem |
| Human T-cell lymphoma virus 1† | Retroviridae | No data found | RAS | Epi + mol |
| Simian foamy virus | Retroviridae | NAA | No data found | Unknown |
| Chikungunya virus† | Togaviridae | NAA, 30 | No data found | Unknown |
*Presence of nucleic acid or antigen in semen does not represent the presence of replication-competent or infection-competent virus, which can generally only be demonstrated by isolation and culture of virus. Maximum detection time refers to time from symptom onset (only in viruses that cause acute only, not chronic, infection). A complete table with references is provided in the Technical Appendix). AD, antigen detection; Epi, epidemiologic evidence of sexual transmission; mol, molecular/phylogenetic evidence of sexual transmission; NAA, nucleic acid amplification or detection; RAS, replication in animal system; RCC, replication in cell culture; sem, isolation from semen. †Data found only in the context of case reports and not case series, case control, or cohort studies.