Table 3.
Multilevel linear regression associations of the change in availability of major chain fast-food outlets and body mass index from wave I to wave III (n=882)
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
| Major chain fast-food outlets within 2 km Coefficient (95% CI) |
Major chain fast-food outlets within 3 km Coefficient (95% CI) |
Major chain fast-food outlets within 5 km Coefficient (95% CI) |
|
| Intercept | 26.84 (25.92 to 27.77)*** | 27.19 (26.21 to 28.18)*** | 27.48 (26.54, 28.43)*** |
| Time (years) | 0.10 (0.03 to 0.16)** | 0.09 (0.01 to 0.16)* | 0.08 (0.01 to 0.16)* |
| Fast-food availability exposure | |||
| Number of outlets | −0.07 (−0.23 to 0.08) | −0.04 (−0.12 to 0.05) | −0.02 (−0.07 to 0.02) |
| Change in outlets | 0.01 (−0.44 to 0.46) | −0.17 (−0.41 to 0.06) | −0.11 (−0.27 to 0.04) |
| Change in outlets and time interaction | −0.001 (−0.023 to 0.021) | 0.008 (−0.013 to 0.029) | 0.006 (−0.003 to 0.015) |
| Potential confounders† | |||
| Age at baseline‡ | 0.08 (0.02 to 0.13)** | 0.08 (0.02 to 0.14)** | 0.08 (0.02 to 0.13)** |
| Education | |||
| Medium | −0.38 (−0.99 to 0.24) | −0.35 (−0.97 to 0.26) | −0.35 (−0.96 to 0.27) |
| High | −1.12 (−1.88 to –0.36)** | −1.09 (−1.85 to –0.33)** | −1.06 (−1.83 to –0.30)** |
| Employment | |||
| Part-time | −0.24 (−0.54 to 0.06) | −0.24 (−0.54 to 0.06) | −0.24 (−0.54 to 0.06) |
| Not in employment | −0.09 (−0.44 to 0.27) | −0.08 (−0.44 to 0.28) | −0.09 (−0.44 to 0.27) |
| Household income | |||
| $500 to <$1000 | −0.11 (−0.60 to 0.39) | −0.11 (−0.61 to 0.38) | −0.11 (−0.61 to 0.38) |
| $1000 to <$1500 | −0.02 (−0.51 to 0.48) | 0.01 (−0.50 to 0.48) | −0.01 (−0.50 to 0.48) |
| $1500+ | −0.01 (−0.55 to 0.52) | 0.002 (−0.53 to 0.54) | 0.01 (−0.53 to 0.55) |
| Children in household | |||
| No | −0.20 (−0.62 to 0.22) | −0.19 (−0.62 to 0.23) | −0.18 (−0.60 to 0.24) |
| Urban | |||
| Rural | 0.31 (−0.49 to 1.12) | −0.01 (−0.92 to 0.90) | −0.32 (−1.20 to 0.55) |
| Variance | Variance | Variance | |
| Intercept | 33.91 (29.15 to 39.43) | 33.80 (29.10 to 39.27) | 33.62 (28.89 to 39.12) |
| Slope | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.10) | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.10) | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.10) |
| Residual | 2.58 (2.08 to 3.20) | 2.57 (2.07 to 3.19) | 2.57 (2.08 to 3.19) |
| Covariance | Covariance | Covariance | |
| Intercept, slope§ | 0.24 (−0.06 to 0.87) | 0.24 (−0.06 to 0.86) | 0.24 (−0.06 to 0.87) |
†Reference categories: low education, full-time employment, <$500, yes children in household, urban.
‡
Age was centred at 37 years.
§
Considers covariance between these random components.
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.