Table 4.
Prevalence and non-adjusted (ANOVA, χ2) and adjusted (GLM) comparisons of well-being scales by employment grade (GHQ-12, DASS-21, WHO-5, SRH)
| Consultants | HSTs | BSTs | Total | χ2† | ANOVA (F)‡ | GLM (B) BST§ |
GLM (B) HST§ |
|||||
| n (mean) | % (SD) | n (mean) | % (SD) | n (mean) | % (SD) | n (mean) | % (SD) | |||||
| Self-rated health (SRH) | ||||||||||||
| Poor | 3 | 0.3 | 9 | 2.1 | 13 | 3.5 | 25 | 1.4 | ||||
| Fair | 102 | 10.8 | 53 | 12.5 | 59 | 15.8 | 214 | 12.2 | ||||
| Good | 302 | 32 | 160 | 37.7 | 135 | 36.0 | 597 | 34.1 | ||||
| Very good | 352 | 37.3 | 140 | 33.0 | 118 | 31.5 | 610 | 34.9 | ||||
| Excellent | 185 | 19.6 | 62 | 14.6 | 49 | 13.1 | 296 | 16.9 | ||||
| Mean score | 3.65 | 0.93 | 3.46 | 0.96 | 3.35 | 1.01 | 3.54 | 0.96 | 15.5*** | 0.45*** | 0.25** | |
| Subjective well-being (WHO-5) | 66.4*** | |||||||||||
| Likely depression | 169 | 17.8 | 117 | 27.6 | 102 | 27.2 | 388 | 22.2 | ||||
| Low mood | 215 | 22.7 | 137 | 32.3 | 124 | 33.1 | 476 | 27.3 | ||||
| Normal | 563 | 59.5 | 170 | 40.1 | 149 | 39.7 | 882 | 50.5 | ||||
| Mean score | 53.4 | 21.3 | 44.7 | 19.8 | 44.4 | 20.5 | 49.3 | 21.2 | 39.1*** | 8.29*** | 1.92 (NS) | |
| Psychological distress (GHQ-12) | 47.2*** | |||||||||||
| No evidence of mental ill health | 379 | 40.8 | 109 | 26.1 | 91 | 24.7 | 579 | 33.8 | ||||
| Less than optimal mental health | 269 | 29 | 149 | 35.7 | 122 | 33.1 | 540 | 31.5 | ||||
| Probable mental ill health | 281 | 30.2 | 159 | 38.1 | 156 | 42.3 | 596 | 34.8 | ||||
| Mean score | 2.6 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 16.5*** | −2.05** | −0.96* | |
| Depression (DASS-21) | 52*** | |||||||||||
| Normal | 761 | 80.5 | 288 | 67.9 | 254 | 68.3 | 1303 | 74.8 | ||||
| Mild | 74 | 7.8 | 39 | 9.2 | 35 | 9.4 | 148 | 8.5 | ||||
| Moderate | 67 | 7.1 | 60 | 14.2 | 38 | 10.2 | 165 | 9.5 | ||||
| Severe | 20 | 2.1 | 23 | 5.4 | 29 | 7.8 | 72 | 4.1 | ||||
| Extremely severe | 23 | 2.4 | 14 | 3.3 | 16 | 4.3 | 53 | 3.0 | ||||
| Mean score | 5.2 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 8.7 | 6.4 | 7.8 | 27.3*** | −2.5** | −0.45 (NS) | |
| Anxiety (DASS-21) | 100.4*** | |||||||||||
| Normal | 828 | 89 | 310 | 74.5 | 250 | 67 | 1388 | 80.7 | ||||
| Mild | 30 | 3.2 | 24 | 5.8 | 30 | 8.0 | 84 | 4.9 | ||||
| Moderate | 44 | 4.7 | 46 | 11.1 | 52 | 13.9 | 142 | 8.3 | ||||
| Severe | 11 | 1.2 | 17 | 4.1 | 14 | 3.8 | 42 | 2.4 | ||||
| Extremely severe | 17 | 1.8 | 19 | 4.6 | 27 | 7.2 | 63 | 3.7 | ||||
| Mean score | 2.6 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 4.0 | 5.9 | 67.2*** | −3.13*** | −1.09* | |
| Stress (DASS-21) | 37.3*** | |||||||||||
| Normal | 709 | 75.9 | 271 | 65.8 | 226 | 60.8 | 1206 | 70.2 | ||||
| Mild | 76 | 8.1 | 53 | 12.9 | 55 | 14.8 | 184 | 10.7 | ||||
| Moderate | 74 | 7.9 | 41 | 10.0 | 49 | 13.2 | 164 | 9.5 | ||||
| Severe | 55 | 5.9 | 31 | 7.5 | 31 | 8.3 | 117 | 6.8 | ||||
| Extremely severe | 20 | 2.1 | 16 | 3.9 | 11 | 3.0 | 47 | 2.7 | ||||
| Mean score | 10.8 | 8.6 | 12.8 | 9.3 | 13.2 | 9.2 | 11.8 | 8.9 | 13.6*** | −1.49 (NS) | −0.41 (NS) | |
*p≤0.05; **p≤0.01; ***p≤0.001; NS: not significant
†Categorical group differences.
‡ANOVA (continuous variables).
§Adjusted for sociodemographic variables and mean hours worked. Reference category: consultant.
ANOVA: analysis of variance; BSTs: Basic Specialist Trainees; DASS-21: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (21 items); GHQ-12: General Health Questionnaire (12 items); GLM: general linear model; HSTs: Higher Specialist Trainees; SRH: Self-Rated Health (single item); WHO-5: WHO Well-being Scale.