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. 2017 Sep 8;8(44):77722–77733. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.20773

Figure 2. Indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate increased cellular catabolism and oxidized metabolite production in vitro.

Figure 2

Cultured human renal tubular cells (HK2) treated with IS or PCS under the serum-free condition for 24 and 48h were analyzed. Control cells were cultured under the serum-free condition only. The concentrations of IS and PCS for this study are indicated in the figures. Cellular levels of NAD and oxidized glutathione were measured using LC/MS/MS. The mean relative ratios verses control cells are plotted. The reactions for the experiments for A, B, C, and D are repeated in triplets, and the mean values are plotted. (A) glucose consumption rate; (B) oxygen consumption rate; (C) NAD levels; (D) oxidized glutathione levels; (E) HK2 cells were stained with PAS after IS and PCS treatment for 24h to detect glycogen storage. Each reaction was repeated in triplet, and the mean values were showed in the plots. (con: control; IS: indoxyl sulfate; PCS: p-cresol sulfate) ( *P< 0.05; #P< 0.0, vs. control) (microscopy: 200×).