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SBF-mediated mineralization. (1) The high concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions contained in the SBF begin to form prenucleation crystals. (2) The amorphous solids are attracted to the polar surface groups of the substrate. (3 and 4) Apatite crystals are deposited. (5) The formed apatite is a nucleation site allowing for continued crystal growth. SBF, simulated body fluid. Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/tea
