Table 1.

Summary Behavioral Deficits Reported in Gpr88^−/− Mice

System	Behavioral test	Behavior results
Sensorimotor gating deficit	Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response assay	Sensorimotor gating deficit (Logue et al., 2009)
Motor deficits and hyperactivity	Stereotypy	Increased stereotypy (Meirsman et al., 2016a)
	Rotarod	Impaired motor coordination or strength (Quintana et al., 2012)
	Grip test	No difference in muscle strength (Meirsman et al., 2016a)
	Basal locomotor activity	Increased basal locomotor activity in novel and familiar environments (Quintana et al., 2012)
	Basal locomotor activity	Increased locomotor activity and lack of habituation to a novel environment. (Meirsman et al., 2016a)
	Basal locomotor activity	Increased locomotor activity (Meirsman et al., 2016b)
Learning deficiency	Operant behavior, two-way active avoidance procedure	Impaired avoidance learning, acquisition, and integration of visual or auditory cues (Quintana et al., 2012)
	Morris water maze	Visuospatial memory and learning were intact (Quintana et al., 2012)
	A water-based U maze	Impairments in cue-based learning (Quintana et al., 2012)
	Rotarod	Motor coordination and learning impairment (Meirsman et al., 2016a)
	Y-maze	Increased exploration in new environments (Meirsman et al., 2016a)
	Novel object recognition test	Improved learning and recognition memory (Meirsman et al., 2016a)
	Dual-solution cross-maze task	Improved ability to distinguish between goal-directed responses and habitual behavior (Meirsman et al., 2016a)
	Fear conditioning	Impaired contextual fear and cue-related fear expression (Meirsman et al., 2016b)
Risk-taking behavior	Elevated-plus maze test	Reduced anxiety levels (Meirsman et al., 2016a)
	Elevated-plus maze test	Decreased anxiety behaviors (Meirsman et al., 2016b)
	Light–dark test	Exhibit increased risk-taking behaviors (Meirsman et al., 2016b)
	Marble-burying test	Lower anxiety behaviors (Meirsman et al., 2016a)
	Marble-burying test	Decreased threat avoidance and more risk-taking behaviors (Meirsman et al., 2016b)
	Nest building	Decreased anxiety (Meirsman et al., 2016a)
	Novelty preference	Increased novelty approach/low anxiety behaviors (Meirsman et al., 2016b)
	Novelty-suppressed feeding test	Decreased conflict anxiety (Meirsman et al., 2016a)
	Novelty-suppressed feeding test	Increased novelty approach/low anxiety behaviors (Meirsman et al., 2016b)
	Social interaction test	Increased social behaviors (Meirsman et al., 2016b)

Mutant mouse phenotypes are displayed in relation to brain connectivity domains as represented in Figure 5.