FIG. 3.

Advanced bioreactor design for culturing anatomically shaped bone grafts. Channels were designed into a customized manifold to optimize perfusion flow throughout the scaffold (A, B). Seeded TMJ grafts were cultured in a bioreactor for 3 weeks and implanted in pigs for 6 months following condylectomy (C). Tissue engineered (TE) bone improved TMJ repair versus empty and acellular controls (D). Reproduced with permission from Bhumiratana and Vunjak-Novakovic (30). TMJ, temporomandibular joint. Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/teb