Table 3. Low-carbohydrate diets in type 2 diabetic patients.
| Study | Subjects and design | Changes from baseline | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight (kg) | Glycated hemoglobin (%) | ||
| Gutierrez et al. 1998 (87) | 19 treated, BMI 27.9 kg/m2; cross-over: carbohydrate 25% of total energy, 8 weeks vs usual diet (carbohydrate 55% of total energy), 12 weeks | −1.4a | −1.8a |
| Gutierrez et al. 1998 (87) | 9 not treated, BMI 29.6 kg/m2; cross-over: carbohydrate 25% of total energy, 8 weeks vs usual diet (carbohydrate 55% of total energy), 12 weeks | −0.8 | −1.4a |
| Robertson et al. 2002 (186) | 88, BMI 38.6 kg/m2; single arm: carbohydrate ≤40 g/day, 12 months | −4.9 (1 mo)b −7.8 (3 mo)b −9.5 (6 mo)b −7.2 (12 mo)b | −1.4 (3 mo)b −0.9 (6 mo)b −0.8 (12 mo)b |
| Boden et al. 2005 (27) | 10, BMI 40.3 kg/m2; cross-over: carbohydrate 21 g/day, 14 days vs usual diet (carbohydrate 309 g/day), 7 days | −2.0a | −0.5a |
| Yancy et al. 2005 (241, 242) | 28; BMI 42.2 kg/m2; single arm, carbohydrate ≤20 g/day, 4 months | −8.7a | −1.2a |
| Nielsen & Joensson 2006 (157), Nielsen et al. 2005 (158) | 16, 100.6 kg; nonrandomized: hypocaloric diet with carbohydrate 20% of total energy, 6 months with follow-up at 22 months (control: 15, 101.5 kg; hypocaloric diet with carbohydrate 60% of total energy, 6 months without follow-up) | −8.7 (3 mo)a,c −11.4 (6 mo)a,c −8.6 (22 mo)a | −2.1 (3 mo)a,c −1.4 (6 mo)a,c −1.1 (22 mo)a |
| Daly et al. 2006 (46, 47) | 51, BMI 35.4 kg/m2; randomized: carbohydrate ≤70 g/day, 3 months with follow-up at 6 months (control: 51, BMI 36.7 kg/m2; low-fat diet) | −3.6 (3 mo)a,c −3.8 (6 mo)a,c | −0.6a −0.5a |
| Westman et al. 2008 (228) | 21, BMI 37.8 kg/m2; randomized: carbohydrate ≤20 g/day, 6 months (control: 29, BMI 37.9 kg/m2; low-glycemic-index diet) | −11.1a,c | −1.5a,c |
BMI, body mass index.
a
Significant change from baseline (P ≤ 0.05).
b
Significance not reported.
c
Significant versus respective change in control diet group (P ≤ 0.05).