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The levels of TNF-α (A), IL-6 (B), VEGF (C), and IL-1β (D), were measured at day 3 (D3) and day 7 (D7) after incision. (N = 5 per group). Control indicates normal saline treatment, while sham indicates no surgical manipulation. * P < 0.05, **P < 0.001 compared between each group, # P < 0.05 compared between D3 and D7.
