Table 2.

Participants’ demographic data (Only nurse managers)

ID	Age	Gender	Time as a manager (years)	Education level	Training for certified nurse administratorsa	Area of practice (at the time of the case)	Hospital characteristicsb	The number of beds
1	40s	F	7	Diploma	Yes	Medical	University hospital	About 800 beds
2	40s	F	10	Associate degree	Yes	Medical	University hospital	About 800 beds
3	50s	F	8	Diploma	No	Medical	University hospital	About 800 beds
4	30s	F	2.8	Diploma	Yes	Long term care/Rehabilitation	Sub‐acute rehabilitation hospital	About 600 beds
5	40s	F	3.2	Diploma	Yes	Long term care/Rehabilitation	Sub‐acute rehabilitation hospital	About 600 beds
6	30s	F	1.2	Diploma	No	Long term care/Rehabilitation	Sub‐acute rehabilitation hospital	About 600 beds
7	60s	F	25	Associate degree	No	Medical	Acute care hospital	About 300 beds
8	40s	F	3.3	Diploma	No	Medical/Surgical	Acute care hospital	About 300 beds
9	50s	F	6.3	Diploma	Yes	Medical/Surgical	Acute care hospital	About 300 beds
10	40s	F	10	Diploma	No	Surgical	Acute care hospital	About 300 beds
11	40s	F	2.6	Diploma	Yes	Surgical	Acute care hospital	About 300 beds
12	40s	F	7.3	Diploma	Yes	ICU	University hospital	About 800 beds
13	40s	F	3.7	Diploma	Yes	Medical/Surgical	Acute care hospital	Under 100 beds
14	40s	F	4.7	Diploma	Yes	Medical	Acute care hospital	About 300 beds
15	40s	F	9.7	Diploma	Yes	Medical	Acute care hospital	About 300 beds
16	40s	F	3.8	Associate degree	Yes	Medical	Acute care hospital	About 150 beds
17	40s	M	13	Diploma	Yes	Medical/Surgical/SCU	Acute care hospital	About 150 beds
18	30s	F	0.5	Diploma	Yes	Medical	Acute care hospital	About 150 beds
19	30s	F	0.5	Diploma	Yes	Medical/Surgical/SCU	Acute care hospital	About 150 beds
20	40s	F	3.8	Diploma	Yes	Palliative care	Acute care hospital	About 300 beds
21	30s	F	0.8	Diploma	No	Medical/Surgical	Acute care hospital	Under 100 beds
22	60s	F	10	Diploma	No	Medical/Rehabilitation	Acute care hospital	About 300 beds
23	50s	F	25	Diploma	No	Medical/Surgical	University hospital	About 800 beds

^aThe certified nurse administrator's system is designed to provide high quality organizational nursing services (Japanese Nursing Association, 2016) and this system includes a leadership and management program (Ibe et al., 2012).

^bA university hospital is affiliated to a university providing advanced medicine. An acute care hospital provides advanced medical care including emergency treatment and surgery. In most cases, university hospitals and acute care hospitals hire more nurses per each patient to provide intensive care. A sub‐acute rehabilitation hospital focuses on rehabilitation and monitoring disease.