Table 4.

Associations of 100% Fruit Juice and Whole Fruit Consumption and Diabetes Risk in 114,219 Postmenopausal US Women

Diabetes Risk According to 100% Fruit Juice Consumption
	Modified Quintiles of 100% Fruit Juice Consumption					P for Trend
	I	II	III	IV	V
Median oz./d	0	1.0	2.7	5.1	8.0
Person-years of follow-up	102,874	183,543	183,980	183,210	184,126
Number of incident cases	1435	2529	2522	2541	2461
Incidence rate, per 1000 person-years	13.9	13.8	13.7	13.9	13.4
Multivariable-adjusted* hazard ratio (95% CI)	1.0 (ref)	0.98 (0.92, 1.04)	0.99 (0.93–1.05)	1.00 (0.93–1.07)	0.97 (0.91–1.03)	0.17

Diabetes Risk According to Whole Fruit Consumption
	Quintiles of 100% Whole Fruit Consumption					P for Trend
	I	II	III	IV	V
Median servings/d	0.3	0.6	0.9	1.6	2.4
Person-years of follow-up	167,457	167,857	167,421	167,277	167,721
Number of incident cases	2329	2406	2255	2217	2281
Incidence rate, per 1000 person-years	13.9	14.4	13.4	13.2	13.6
Multivariable-adjusted* hazard ratio (95% CI)	1.0 (ref)	1.03 (0.97–1.10)	0.97 (0.91–1.03)	0.95 (0.89–1.01)	1.00 (0.94–1.06)	0.34

Abbreviations: CI (confidence interval), /d (per day), P (probability)

^*Adjusted for age, education level, race/ethnicity, smoking status, physical activity, body mass index, hormone replacement therapy status, study arm, and total energy intake. Univariate and multivariable-adjusted models yielded nearly identical hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Hazard ratios estimated for quintiles II – V compare the participants in each upper quintile to the participants in the first quintile.

The Women’s Health Initiative enrolled participants between 1993–1998 throughout the United States.