Table 5.
Exploratory Analysis: Exposures Defined Using Cut-points
| Incidence of Hypertension Between 1993 and 2005 According to 100% Fruit Juice and Whole Fruit Consumption in 80,539 Postmenopausal US Women | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100% Fruit Juice | Whole Fruit | |||||
| N | IR, per 1000 PY | Multivariable Adj HR (95% CI) | N | IR, per 1000 PY | Multivariable Adj HR (95% CI) | |
| ≤ 4 serv/week | 42,854 | 2.8 | 1.0 (ref) | 19,651 | 2.7 | 1.0 (ref) |
| 5–6 serv/week | 16,530 | 2.7 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 23,933 | 2.8 | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) |
| 1 serv/day | 17,905 | 2.8 | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 23,530 | 2.8 | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) |
| 2–3 serv/day | 2647 | 2.9 | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) | 12,397 | 2.8 | 1.02 (0.98–1.05) |
| ≥ 4 serv/day | 159 | 3.4 | 1.29 (1.06–1.56) | 584 | 2.6 | 0.94 (0.83–1.05) |
| P for Trend | 0.03 | 0.76 | ||||
| Incidence of Diabetes Between 1993 and 2005 According to 100% Fruit Juice and Whole Fruit Consumption in 114,219 Postmenopausal US Women | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100% Fruit Juice | Whole Fruit | |||||
| N | IR, per 1000 PY | Multivariable Adj HR (95% CI) | N | IR, per 1000 PY | Multivariable Adj HR (95% CI) | |
| ≤ 4 serv/week | 59,226 | 13.8 | 1.0 (ref) | 28,633 | 13.8 | 1.0 (ref) |
| 5–6 serv/week | 24,010 | 13.9 | 1.01 (0.97–1.07) | 34,213 | 14.1 | 1.03 (0.97–1.08) |
| 1 serv/day | 26,142 | 13.5 | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 32,771 | 13.4 | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) |
| 2–3 serv/day | 3972 | 13.4 | 0.97 (0.87–1.08) | 17,180 | 13.5 | 1.04 (0.96–1.11) |
| ≥ 4 serv/day | 253 | 10.5 | 0.82 (0.53–1.27) | 806 | 13.3 | 0.93 (0.73–1.18) |
| P for Trend | 0.18 | 0.28 | ||||
Abbreviations: adj (adjusted), HR (hazard ratio), IR (incidence rate), PY (person-years), serv (servings)
*
Adjusted for age, education level, race/ethnicity, smoking status, physical activity, BMI, hormone replacement therapy status, study arm, and total energy intake.
Hazard ratios compare participants in higher categories of consumption (5–6 serv/week, 1 serv/day, etc) to participants in the lowest category of consumption (< 4 servings/week).
One serving of 100% fruit juice was defined as 6 ounces. The Women’s Health Initiative enrolled participants between 1993–1998 throughout the United States.