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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2017 Sep 4;105:116–126. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.08.017

Table 1.

Study, sample, and intervention characteristics of the 23 studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.

Study & Location Sample Control Intervention details
Outcomes
Weeks Yoga style (components) Other components Total sessions (sessions/week) Doseb
Agrawal et al. (2003); Bikaner, India N = 200 (77%) 30 F; M age = 52 TAU 13 Not specified – P, B, R, M, sun salutations, health rejuvenation & abdomen exercises Strict diabetic diet, moderate aerobic exercises & SM & TAU 78 (5–7) 4860 A1c; FBG; C; VLDL; LDL; HDL; trig; SBP; DBP; BMI; W/H ratio
Agte & Tarwadi (2004); Pune, India N = 87 (75%); 53% F; M age = 55 TAU < 1 SKY yoga – P, B, M Discussion on stress-free living & nutritional counseling & TAU 6a (6) 1440 A1c; FBG; PPBG; C; HDL; trig
Balaji & Thirumaran (2015); Karikal District, India N = 30 (100%) TAU 10 SKY yoga – P, B, M, sun salutations TAU 60 (6) 3600 FBG; C; LDL; HDL; trig
Balaji et al. (2011); Bangalore, Indiad N = 44 (100%) TAU 13 Not specified – P, B, R, sun salutations TAU 91 (7) 5460 A1c; FBG; PPBG; C; LDL; HDL; trig; BMI; weight; W/H ratio
Beena & Sreekumaran (2013); Kerala, Indiad N = 143 (100%); 38% F; M age = 63 TAU 13 Not specified – P, B, R, warm-up exercises TAU 78 (6) 7020 A1c; FBG; C; LDL; HDL; trig; cortisol
Bindra et al. (2013); Bhopal, India N = 100 (100%) TAU 13 Not specified – P, B TAU NR NR A1c; FBG; C; LDL; HDL; trig
Giri et al. (2015); Bali, Indonesia N = 41 (93%); M age = 45 RC: Exercise – Walking 10 Not specified – P, B, R, M, sun salutations, loosening exercises; chanting Diabetes & SM education 25a (2–3) 1500 FBG; PPBG; SBP; DBP; BMI; weight
Gordon et al. (2008b); Havana, Cubac
 Linked studies:
Gordon et al. (2008b);
Gordon et al. (2008a);
Gordon et al. (2008c) 		N = 327 [218] (71%); 81% F; M age = 64 TAU 24 Hatha yoga – P, B, R, warm-up exercises Medical & psychological evaluations; instruction on diabetes education, diet, specific treatments & personal care & TAU 24a (1) 2880 A1c; FBG; C; VLDL; LDL; HDL; trig; BMI; cortisol
Hegde et al. (2011); Mangalore, India
 Linked studies:
Sperandei (2012);
Hegde et al. (2012) 		N = 126 (98%); M age = 59 TAU 13 Not specified – P, B, R TAU 39 (3) NR A1c; FBG; PPBG; SBP; DBP; BMI; W/H ratio;
Jyotsna et al. (2014); New Delhi, India
 Linked studies:
Jyotsna et al. (2013);
Jyotsna et al. (2012) 		N = 120 (100%); M age = 49 TAU < 1 SKY yoga – P, B, R, M, chanting TAU 28a (3 In week 1 then 1/week) 2220 A1c; FBG; PPBG
Kumar and Kalidasan (2014a); Tamilnadu, India
 Linked studies:
Kumar and Kalidasan (2014b) 		N= 30 (100%);0% F TAU 12 Not specified – P, R, warm-up exercises TAU 72 (6) 3600 FBG; PPGB; VLDL; LDL; HDL; SBP; DBP
Kumar and Kalidasan (2014b); Tamilnadu, India
 Linked studies:
Kumar and Kalidasan (2014a) 		N = 30 (100%); 0% F TAU 12 Not specified – P, B, R, M, prayer, om chanting TAU 72 (6) 4320 A1c; FBG; PPBG; C; VLDL; LDL; HDL; trig
Kumpatla et al. (2015); Chennai, India N = 303 (80%); 37% F; M age = 43 TAU < 1 Not specified – P TAU 1a (1) NR A1c; PPBG; C; VLDL; LDL; HDL; trig; SBP; DBP; BMI; weight
Monro et al. (1992); London, England N = 21 (100%); 52% F; M age = 55 TAU 12 Not specified – P, B, R Exercise, diet, relaxation & counseling along with TAU 60a (5) 5400 A1c; FBG
Nagarathna et al. (2012); Bengaluru, India N = 277 (63%); 31% F; M age = 52 RC: Exercise, diabetes education, self-monitoring, smoking cessation & SM 12 Not specified – P, B, R, M, sun salutations, bandhas & kriyas, loosening exercise Diabetes education, self-monitoring, smoking cessation, SM, & diet 87a (5 For 12 weeks then 1/week) 6840 A1c; FBG; PPBG; C; VLDL; LDL; HDL; trig
Pardasany et al. (2010); Amritsar, Indiac N = 45 [30] (100%); 38% F TAU 12 Hatha yoga – P, B TAU 36 (3) NR A1c; FBG; PPBG; C; LDL
Popli et al. (2014); Delhi, India N = 130 (100%); 47% F; M age = 43 TAU 4 Not specified – P, B, sun salutations TAU 22a (5) 1299 A1c; FBG; PPBG
Rast et al. (2013); Najaf Abad, Iran
 Linked studies:
Rast et al. (2014) 		N = 30 (100%); 100% F TAU 8 Not specified – P, B, R, M TAU 24 (3) 1440 FBG; C; LDL; HDL; trig
Shantakumari et al. (2012); Kerala, India
 Linked studies:
Shantakumari et al. (2013) 		N = 100 (100%); 48% F; M age = 45 TAU 2 Not specified – P, B, R, M, sun salutations TAU 14a (7) 840 FBG; PPBG; C; LDL; HDL; trig; SBP; DBP; BMI; weight; W/H ratio
Sharma et al. (2015); Jaipur, India N = 80 (100%); M age = 48 TAU 12 Not specified – P, B, R TAU 60 (5) 2150 A1c; FBG; PPBG
Skoro-Kondza et al. (2009); London, England N = 59 (100%); 61% F; M age = 60 Advice & leaflets on healthy lifestyle & wait list 12 Not specified – P, B, R Advice & leaflets on healthy lifestyle 24a (2) 2160 A1c, C, LDL, HDL, trig, BMI, weight, W/H ratio
Sri et al. (2014); Guntur City, India
 Linked studies:
 Sri Santhi et al. (2013) 		N = 60 (100%) TAU 26 Hatha yoga – B Given Amla everyday plus TAU 182 (7) 10,920 A1c; FBG; PPBG; C; VLDL; LDL; HDL; trig; BMI; weight; W/H ratio
Vaishali et al. (2012); Mangalore, India N = 60 (95%); 39% F; M age = 65 EDUC–advice & leaflets on maintaining general healthy lifestyle, regular exercise & conventional hypoglycemic medications 12 Not specified – P, B, R EDUC 72 (6) 3780 A1c; FBG; C; LDL; HDL; trig

Notes: N, number of consenting & randomized participants (attrition %); F, proportion female; PT, physical training; P, posture; B, breathing; R, relaxation; M, meditation; A1c, glycated hemoglobin; FBG, fasting blood glucose; PPBG, post prandial blood glucose, C, Total cholesterol; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; Trig, Triglycerides; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; W/H ratio, waist/hip ratio; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agents; NR, not reported; SKY Yoga, Sudarshan Kriya Yoga; TAU, treatment as usual; SM, stress management; RC, relevant control.

a

Home practice also advised/encouraged during intervention period.

b

Estimated number of minutes of intervention excluding measurement.

c

Non-yoga intervention groups were excluded in two studies: Conventional physical training exercise (Gordon, Morrison, McGrowder, Young, Pena Fraser, et al., 2008) and Tai Chi Chuan (Pardasany et al., 2010).

d

Two studies assessed their outcomes across multiple subgroups: Balaji et al. (2011) separated intervention participants based on use of (a) oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) and insulin and (b) OHAs only; Beena & Sreekumaran (2013) separated intervention participants based on levels of hemoglobin A1c (group 1 = 8.6–9.7%, group 2 = 9.8–10.7%, and group 3 = 10.8–12.7%). Therefore, 26 separate groups (k) were included in the analyses.