Table 1.
Study & Location | Sample | Control | Intervention details
|
Outcomes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weeks | Yoga style (components) | Other components | Total sessions (sessions/week) | Doseb | |||||
Agrawal et al. (2003); Bikaner, India | N = 200 (77%) 30 F; M age = 52 | TAU | 13 | Not specified – P, B, R, M, sun salutations, health rejuvenation & abdomen exercises | Strict diabetic diet, moderate aerobic exercises & SM & TAU | 78 (5–7) | 4860 | A1c; FBG; C; VLDL; LDL; HDL; trig; SBP; DBP; BMI; W/H ratio | |
Agte & Tarwadi (2004); Pune, India | N = 87 (75%); 53% F; M age = 55 | TAU | < 1 | SKY yoga – P, B, M | Discussion on stress-free living & nutritional counseling & TAU | 6a (6) | 1440 | A1c; FBG; PPBG; C; HDL; trig | |
Balaji & Thirumaran (2015); Karikal District, India | N = 30 (100%) | TAU | 10 | SKY yoga – P, B, M, sun salutations | TAU | 60 (6) | 3600 | FBG; C; LDL; HDL; trig | |
Balaji et al. (2011); Bangalore, Indiad | N = 44 (100%) | TAU | 13 | Not specified – P, B, R, sun salutations | TAU | 91 (7) | 5460 | A1c; FBG; PPBG; C; LDL; HDL; trig; BMI; weight; W/H ratio | |
Beena & Sreekumaran (2013); Kerala, Indiad | N = 143 (100%); 38% F; M age = 63 | TAU | 13 | Not specified – P, B, R, warm-up exercises | TAU | 78 (6) | 7020 | A1c; FBG; C; LDL; HDL; trig; cortisol | |
Bindra et al. (2013); Bhopal, India | N = 100 (100%) | TAU | 13 | Not specified – P, B | TAU | NR | NR | A1c; FBG; C; LDL; HDL; trig | |
Giri et al. (2015); Bali, Indonesia | N = 41 (93%); M age = 45 | RC: Exercise – Walking | 10 | Not specified – P, B, R, M, sun salutations, loosening exercises; chanting | Diabetes & SM education | 25a (2–3) | 1500 | FBG; PPBG; SBP; DBP; BMI; weight | |
Gordon et al. (2008b); Havana, Cubac Linked studies: Gordon et al. (2008b); Gordon et al. (2008a); Gordon et al. (2008c) |
N = 327 [218] (71%); 81% F; M age = 64 | TAU | 24 | Hatha yoga – P, B, R, warm-up exercises | Medical & psychological evaluations; instruction on diabetes education, diet, specific treatments & personal care & TAU | 24a (1) | 2880 | A1c; FBG; C; VLDL; LDL; HDL; trig; BMI; cortisol | |
Hegde et al. (2011); Mangalore, India Linked studies: Sperandei (2012); Hegde et al. (2012) |
N = 126 (98%); M age = 59 | TAU | 13 | Not specified – P, B, R | TAU | 39 (3) | NR | A1c; FBG; PPBG; SBP; DBP; BMI; W/H ratio; | |
Jyotsna et al. (2014); New Delhi, India Linked studies: Jyotsna et al. (2013); Jyotsna et al. (2012) |
N = 120 (100%); M age = 49 | TAU | < 1 | SKY yoga – P, B, R, M, chanting | TAU | 28a (3 In week 1 then 1/week) | 2220 | A1c; FBG; PPBG | |
Kumar and Kalidasan (2014a); Tamilnadu, India Linked studies: Kumar and Kalidasan (2014b) |
N= 30 (100%);0% F | TAU | 12 | Not specified – P, R, warm-up exercises | TAU | 72 (6) | 3600 | FBG; PPGB; VLDL; LDL; HDL; SBP; DBP | |
Kumar and Kalidasan (2014b); Tamilnadu, India Linked studies: Kumar and Kalidasan (2014a) |
N = 30 (100%); 0% F | TAU | 12 | Not specified – P, B, R, M, prayer, om chanting | TAU | 72 (6) | 4320 | A1c; FBG; PPBG; C; VLDL; LDL; HDL; trig | |
Kumpatla et al. (2015); Chennai, India | N = 303 (80%); 37% F; M age = 43 | TAU | < 1 | Not specified – P | TAU | 1a (1) | NR | A1c; PPBG; C; VLDL; LDL; HDL; trig; SBP; DBP; BMI; weight | |
Monro et al. (1992); London, England | N = 21 (100%); 52% F; M age = 55 | TAU | 12 | Not specified – P, B, R | Exercise, diet, relaxation & counseling along with TAU | 60a (5) | 5400 | A1c; FBG | |
Nagarathna et al. (2012); Bengaluru, India | N = 277 (63%); 31% F; M age = 52 | RC: Exercise, diabetes education, self-monitoring, smoking cessation & SM | 12 | Not specified – P, B, R, M, sun salutations, bandhas & kriyas, loosening exercise | Diabetes education, self-monitoring, smoking cessation, SM, & diet | 87a (5 For 12 weeks then 1/week) | 6840 | A1c; FBG; PPBG; C; VLDL; LDL; HDL; trig | |
Pardasany et al. (2010); Amritsar, Indiac | N = 45 [30] (100%); 38% F | TAU | 12 | Hatha yoga – P, B | TAU | 36 (3) | NR | A1c; FBG; PPBG; C; LDL | |
Popli et al. (2014); Delhi, India | N = 130 (100%); 47% F; M age = 43 | TAU | 4 | Not specified – P, B, sun salutations | TAU | 22a (5) | 1299 | A1c; FBG; PPBG | |
Rast et al. (2013); Najaf Abad, Iran Linked studies: Rast et al. (2014) |
N = 30 (100%); 100% F | TAU | 8 | Not specified – P, B, R, M | TAU | 24 (3) | 1440 | FBG; C; LDL; HDL; trig | |
Shantakumari et al. (2012); Kerala, India Linked studies: Shantakumari et al. (2013) |
N = 100 (100%); 48% F; M age = 45 | TAU | 2 | Not specified – P, B, R, M, sun salutations | TAU | 14a (7) | 840 | FBG; PPBG; C; LDL; HDL; trig; SBP; DBP; BMI; weight; W/H ratio | |
Sharma et al. (2015); Jaipur, India | N = 80 (100%); M age = 48 | TAU | 12 | Not specified – P, B, R | TAU | 60 (5) | 2150 | A1c; FBG; PPBG | |
Skoro-Kondza et al. (2009); London, England | N = 59 (100%); 61% F; M age = 60 | Advice & leaflets on healthy lifestyle & wait list | 12 | Not specified – P, B, R | Advice & leaflets on healthy lifestyle | 24a (2) | 2160 | A1c, C, LDL, HDL, trig, BMI, weight, W/H ratio | |
Sri et al. (2014); Guntur City, India Linked studies: Sri Santhi et al. (2013) |
N = 60 (100%) | TAU | 26 | Hatha yoga – B | Given Amla everyday plus TAU | 182 (7) | 10,920 | A1c; FBG; PPBG; C; VLDL; LDL; HDL; trig; BMI; weight; W/H ratio | |
Vaishali et al. (2012); Mangalore, India | N = 60 (95%); 39% F; M age = 65 | EDUC–advice & leaflets on maintaining general healthy lifestyle, regular exercise & conventional hypoglycemic medications | 12 | Not specified – P, B, R | EDUC | 72 (6) | 3780 | A1c; FBG; C; LDL; HDL; trig |
Notes: N, number of consenting & randomized participants (attrition %); F, proportion female; PT, physical training; P, posture; B, breathing; R, relaxation; M, meditation; A1c, glycated hemoglobin; FBG, fasting blood glucose; PPBG, post prandial blood glucose, C, Total cholesterol; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; Trig, Triglycerides; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; W/H ratio, waist/hip ratio; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agents; NR, not reported; SKY Yoga, Sudarshan Kriya Yoga; TAU, treatment as usual; SM, stress management; RC, relevant control.
Home practice also advised/encouraged during intervention period.
Estimated number of minutes of intervention excluding measurement.
Non-yoga intervention groups were excluded in two studies: Conventional physical training exercise (Gordon, Morrison, McGrowder, Young, Pena Fraser, et al., 2008) and Tai Chi Chuan (Pardasany et al., 2010).
Two studies assessed their outcomes across multiple subgroups: Balaji et al. (2011) separated intervention participants based on use of (a) oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) and insulin and (b) OHAs only; Beena & Sreekumaran (2013) separated intervention participants based on levels of hemoglobin A1c (group 1 = 8.6–9.7%, group 2 = 9.8–10.7%, and group 3 = 10.8–12.7%). Therefore, 26 separate groups (k) were included in the analyses.