Fig. 2.

Brain lesions seen in postmortem human tissue. a Patient 1 (control): Diffuse staining of axons (arrows), extending from the axonal hillock (β-amyloid precursor protein [βAPP]). b Extensive diffuse axonal injury is shown in patient 2 (sepsis). Staining for βAPP is not restricted to the axonal hillock but is seen throughout the white matter tracts. Multiple axonal endbulbs can also be seen (small arrowheads). c Disruption of the deep white matter axons and the presence of axonal end bulbs are widespread based on dephosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (SMI32). d Patient 3: Small areas of ischemic lesions can be seen throughout the brain (βAPP). e Patient 4: One type of lesion not observed in the animal model is shown. Amyloid plaques (arrow) are present and scattered throughout the brain tissue (βAPP). f In this patient, diffuse deep white matter axonal damage (arrows) is the most severe of this series (βAPP)