Table 4. Gender-Specific HbA1c and HOMA-IR Levels by Snoring Frequency Derived Using a General Llinear Model.
| Model 1* | Model 2† | Model 3‡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (95% CI) | p | Mean (95% CI) | p | Mean (95% CI) | p | |
| HbA1c | ||||||
| Males | ||||||
| Non-snorers | 5.47 (5.44–5.49) | 5.49 (5.44–5.53) | 5.49 (5.44–5.53) | |||
| Occasional snorers | 5.47 (5.44–5.50) | 0.899 | 5.49 (5.45–5.54) | 0.775 | 5.49 (5.44–5.54) | 0.943 |
| Frequent snorers | 5.44 (5.39–5.50) | 0.436 | 5.47 (5.40–5.53) | 0.433 | 5.46 (5.39–5.52) | 0.330 |
| Constant snorers | 5.49 (5.45–5.53) | 0.284 | 5.51 (5.46–5.56) | 0.340 | 5.50 (5.45–5.55) | 0.546 |
| p for trend | 0.544 | 0.648 | 0.904 | |||
| Females | ||||||
| Non-snorers | 5.46 (5.45–5.48) | 5.52 (5.46–5.58) | 5.53 (5.47–5.59) | |||
| Occasional snorers | 5.48 (5.46–5.50) | 0.223 | 5.53 (5.47–5.60) | 0.432 | 5.53 (5.47–5.59) | 0.982 |
| Frequent snorers | 5.53 (5.49–5.58) | 0.007 | 5.58 (5.50–5.65) | 0.035 | 5.57 (5.49–5.64) | 0.138 |
| Constant snorers | 5.55 (5.52–5.58) | <0.001 | 5.59 (5.53–5.66) | <0.001 | 5.57 (5.51–5.64) | 0.011 |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 | |||
| HOMA-IR | ||||||
| Males | ||||||
| Non-snorers | 1.10 (1.05–1.16) | 1.35 (1.24–1.46) | 1.32 (1.21–1.42) | |||
| Occasional snorers | 1.20 (1.13–1.27) | 0.033 | 1.44 (1.32–1.56) | 0.048 | 1.36 (1.24–1.47) | 0.363 |
| Frequent snorers | 1.22 (1.09–1.36) | 0.106 | 1.44 (1.28–1.60) | 0.212 | 1.34 (1.18–1.49) | 0.787 |
| Constant snorers | 1.27 (1.18–1.36) | 0.003 | 1.46 (1.34–1.59) | 0.030 | 1.34 (1.22–1.46) | 0.679 |
| p for trend | 0.004 | 0.049 | 0.801 | |||
| Females | ||||||
| Non-snorers | 1.26 (1.22–1.31) | 1.51 (1.36–1.66) | 1.52 (1.38–1.66) | |||
| Occasional snorers | 1.38 (1.32–1.44) | 0.002 | 1.58 (1.43–1.73) | 0.036 | 1.52 (1.37–1.66) | 0.870 |
| Frequent snorers | 1.42 (1.30–1.54) | 0.017 | 1.59 (1.40–1.77) | 0.215 | 1.48 (1.30–1.65) | 0.471 |
| Constant snorers | 1.52 (1.45–1.60) | <0.001 | 1.68 (1.52–1.84) | <0.001 | 1.51 (1.36–1.67) | 0.812 |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.630 | |||
HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference. Data are presented as mean (95% CI). All participants were divided into non-snorers, occasional snorers (1–3 days/week), frequent snorers (4–6 days/week), and constant snorers (7 days/week).
*Adjusted for age, †Adjusted for age, educational level, systolic blood pressure, total-to-high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, triglyceride level, current smoking, alcohol consumption, use of medication to treat hypertension, and use of medication to treat dyslipidemia, ‡Adjusted for the variables of model 2 plus BMI and WC.