Table 5. Gender-Specific Risk for Elevated HbA1c and HOMA-IR Levels by Snoring Frequency, Derived Using Logistic Regression.

	Model 1*	Model 2†	Model 3‡
Elevated HbA1c (top quintile, ≥5.9%)
Males
Non-snorers	1.00	1.00	1.00
Occasional snorers	0.88 (0.68–1.14)	0.88 (0.68–1.15)	0.87 (0.67–1.13)
Frequent snorers	0.77 (0.49–1.19)	0.76 (0.48–1.18)	0.73 (0.47–1.15)
Constant snorers	1.12 (0.85–1.49)	1.11 (0.83–1.48)	1.07 (0.80–1.43)
p for trend	0.693	0.754	0.948
Females
Non-snorers	1.00	1.00	1.00
Occasional snorers	1.17 (0.96–1.44)	1.15 (0.93–1.42)	1.07 (0.87–1.33)
Frequent snorers	1.54 (1.11–2.15)	1.42 (1.01–2.01)	1.31 (0.93–1.85)
Constant snorers	1.65 (1.31–2.07)	1.45 (1.22–1.95)	1.30 (1.02–1.66)
p for trend	<0.001	<0.001	0.019
Elevated HOMA-IR (top quintile, ≥1.74)
Males
Non-snorers	1.00	1.00	1.00
Occasional snorers	1.24 (0.97–1.58)	1.21 (0.94–1.56)	1.08 (0.83–1.41)
Frequent snorers	1.40 (0.96–2.04)	1.27 (0.85–1.89)	1.08 (0.71–1.65)
Constant snorers	1.38 (1.05–1.82)	1.21 (0.90–1.62)	0.93 (0.68–1.27)
p for trend	0.012	0.156	0.729
Females
Non-snorers	1.00	1.00	1.00
Occasional snorers	1.24 (1.04–1.48)	1.14 (0.95–1.37)	0.95 (0.78–1.15)
Frequent snorers	1.40 (1.04–1.90)	1.19 (0.86–1.64)	0.89 (0.63–1.25)
Constant snorers	1.73 (1.41–2.12)	1.48 (1.19–1.82)	0.93 (0.74–1.17)
p for trend	<0.001	<0.001	0.449

HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference.

Data are presented as OR (95% CI). All participants were divided into non-snorers, occasional snorers (1–3 days/week), frequent snorers (4–6 days/week), and constant snorers (7 days/week).

^*Adjusted for age, ^†Adjusted for age, educational level, systolic blood pressure, total-to-high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, triglyceride level, current smoking, alcohol consumption, use of medication to treat hypertension, and use of medication to treat dyslipidemia, ^‡Adjusted for the variables of model 2 plus BMI and WC.