Table 3. Outcomes of CBT for CGPWD in the studies included in the final analysis and review.
| Study authors and year | Outcome | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Evaluation time points | Measurement methods | Benefits of CBT | |
| Akkerman and Ostwald (2004)10 | Postintervention | BAI, HMMA | Anxiety |
| Arango-Lasprilla et al. (2014)11 | Postintervention and 3 months after intervention | PSS-14, PHQ-9, ZBI, SWLS | Satisfaction with life, and controlling depressive symptoms |
| Au et al. (2010)12 | Postintervention | CES-D, RSCS, CWOC | Self-efficacy for controlling upsetting thoughts, handling disruptive behaviors, and using both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies |
| Cristancho-Lacroix et al. (2015)18 | Postintervention and 3 months after intervention | PSS-14, BDI-II, RSCS, RMBPC, ZBI, NHP, VAS | Acceptance of program and expectations |
| Gallagher-Thompson et al. (2007)14 | Postintervention | CES-D, PSS-10, RMBPC-CB, RSCS, SL-ASIA | Being bothered by caregiving-specific stressors, and depression level |
| Gallagher-Thompson et al. (2008)13 | |||
| Non-hispanic white | 2 months after intervention | CES-D, PSS-10, RMBPC-CB, SUQ | Depressive symptoms, overall life stress, and caregiving-specific stress |
| Hispanic/Latina | |||
| Gendron et al. (1996)15 | Postintervention and 3 and 6 months after intervention | HSC, ATQ, JCS, RAI, DAS, ZBI | Being assertive and making marital adjustments |
| Glueckauf et al. (2007)16 | Postintervention | CES-D, CAI, CSES, ICS, IFS ISS, modified CSQ-8 | Psychological distress, subjective burden, and perceived self-efficacy |
| Losada et al. (2011)19 | Postintervention | CES-D, DTCQ, adapted LTS | Dysfunctional thoughts, behavioral activation, and depressive symptoms |
| Losada-Baltar et al. (2004)17 | Postintervention and 3 months after intervention | CES-D, PSS-14, CPD, MBCL | Perceived stress, reporting of behavioral problems, and dysfunctional thoughts |
| Márquez-González et al. (2007)20 | Postintervention | CES-D, DTCQ, MBPC, ATI | Depressive symptoms, dysfunctional thoughts, and appraisal of problem behaviors |
| Marriott et al. (2000)21 | Postintervention and 3 months after intervention | GHQ-28, BDI | Distress, depressive symptoms, behavioral disturbances, and activities |
ATI: Assessment of Treatment Implementation, ATQ: Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory, BDI: Beck Depression Inventory, BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory II, CAI: Caregiver Appraisal Inventory, CBT: cognitive behavioral therapy, CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CGPWD: caregivers of people with dementia, CPD: Cuestionario de Pensamientos Disfuncionales (dysfunctional thinking questionnaire), CSES: Caregiving Self-Efficacy Scale, CSQ-8: Client Satisfaction Questionnaire 8, CWOC: Chinese Way of Coping Questionnaire, DAS: Dyadic Adjustment Scale, DTCQ: Dysfunctional Thoughts about Caregiving Questionnaire, GHQ-28: General Health Questionnaire, HMMA: Hamilton Anxiety Scale, HSC: Hopkins Symptom Checklist, ICS: Issue Change Scale, IFS: Issue Frequency Scale, ISS: Issue Severity Scale, JCS: Jalowiec Coping Scale, LTS: Leisure Time Satisfaction Scale, MBCL: del Inventario de Problemas de Memoria y de Conducta, MBPC: Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist, NHP: Nottingham Health Profile, PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire 9, PSS-10: the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale, PSS-14: the 14-item Perceived Stress Scale, RAI: Rathus Assertion Inventory, RMBPC: Revised Memory and Behavior Problem Checklist, RMBPC-CB: RMBPC-Conditional Bother Scale, RSCS: Revised Scale for Caregiving Self-Efficacy, SL-ASIA: Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale, SUQ: Skill Utilization Questionnaire, SWLS: Satisfaction With Life Scale, VAS: Visual Analog Scale, ZBI: Zarit Burden Interview.