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. 2017 Oct 23;7:13831. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14365-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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IFN-γ and TNF-α synergistically increase expression of endothelial cell activation markers in vitro and in vivo. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAoECs) stimulated with IFN-γ, TNF-α or a combination demonstrate increased (a) mRNA expression following 6 hours of stimulation and surface expression (shown as Mean Fluorescent Intensity (MFI)) of endothelial cell activation markers following (b) 4 and (c) 24 hours of stimulation, confirming a synergistic effect between IFN-γ and TNF-α (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, ***p < 0.0001, two-way ANOVA). (d,e) HAoEC barrier function meausred by ECIS demostrates a decrease in resistance of HAoECs following 6, 12 and 20 hours of IFN-γ and TNF-α treatment p < 0.01, WSANOVA). Data are shown as mean ± SD with 95% CI.