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. 2017 Oct 23;7:13770. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13159-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A conceptual view of the major effects of climate warming on water turnover dynamics, primary producers and limiting nutrients in Lake Zurich. Rises in air temperatures cause stronger water column stratifications which impede complete water turnovers (holomixis) during spring. Incomplete mixis favors survival of the cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens, but reduces the import of limiting nutrients from the hypo- to the epilimnion. The quantitative most important vernal primary producers (centric diatoms and cryptophytes) are negatively affected due to phosphorus limitation. In addition, reduced mixis impedes down-welling of oxygen-rich epilimnetic water, leading to hypolimnetic anoxia and resolution of nutrients from sediments. At present nutrients accumulate in deep water layers owing to insufficient vernal export.