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. 2017 Oct 23;7:13770. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13159-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Triggering of diatom blooms via artificial turnover and phosphorus addition. Experiments were conducted during spring periods in 2015 (a,b,c) and 2016 (d,e,f). In untreated (control) surface waters (5 m depth), neither algae nor bacteria showed increased growth (a,d). Mixing epi- (5 m depth) with hypolimnetic water (100–110 m depth) promoted abundances of diatoms and bacteria (b,e). A comparable effect was achieved by addition of orthophosphate (40 µg P l⁻¹) to epilimnetic (5 m depth) water (c,f). All treatments were set up as triplicates. Bacterial abundances are shown as averages (n = 3) ±one standard deviation.