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. 2017 Oct 23;7:13819. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12580-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Integrative OCVDAE ontology representation of drugs, AEs, drug ingredients, and MoAs. This is a screenshot of Protégé OWL editor of a subset of OCVDAE after OntoFox extraction of two Fluvastatin drugs and their associated terms from OCVDAE. As shown in this figure, OCVDAE imports many terms from NDF-RT and OAE and uses the BFO as the upper level ontology. Each drug (e.g., Fluvastatin NA 20 MG CAP) is associated with its ingredient, MoA, and specific AE terms (e.g., paresis AE). These terms and their parent upper level terms are organized in a well-defined hierarchy in OCVDAE.