Table 2.
Associations of soy products with gastric cancer risk, stratified by gender
| Total (n=1,131) |
Male (n=738) |
Female (n=393) |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) |
OR (95% CI) |
No. (%) |
OR (95% CI) |
No. (%) |
OR (95% CI) |
|||||||||
| Control | Case | Crude | Fully adjusteda) | Control | Case | Crude | Fully adjusteda) | Control | Case | Crude | Fully adjusteda) | |||
| Total soy product | ||||||||||||||
| T1 | 251 (33.29) | 133 (35.28) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 165 (33.54) | 88 (38.77) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 86 (32.82) | 45 (34.35) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| T2 | 252 (33.42) | 140 (37.14) | 1.05 (0.78-1.41) | 1.23 (0.88-1.72) | 165 (33.54) | 103 (41.87) | 1.17 (0.82-1.67) | 1.34 (0.89-2.02) | 87 (33.21) | 37 (28.24) | 0.81 (0.48-1.38) | 0.98 (0.54-1.79) | ||
| T3 | 251 (33.29) | 104 (27.59) | 0.78 (0.57-1.07) | 0.85 (0.59-1.20) | 162 (32.93) | 55 (22.36) | 0.64 (0.43-0.95) | 0.69 (0.43-1.09) | 89 (33.97) | 49 (37.40) | 1.05 (0.64-1.74) | 1.07 (0.61-1.89) | ||
| Non-fermented soy product | ||||||||||||||
| T1 | 251 (33.29) | 144 (38.20) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 166 (33.74) | 102 (41.46) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 85 (32.44) | 42 (32.06) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| T2 | 251 (33.29) | 150 (39.79) | 1.04 (0.78-1.39) | 1.13 (0.81-1.56) | 167 (33.94) | 102 (41.46) | 0.99 (0.70-1.41) | 1.14 (0.76-1.71) | 84 (32.06) | 48 (36.64) | 1.15 (0.69-1.93) | 1.07 (0.60-1.92) | ||
| T3 | 252 (33.42) | 83 (22.02) | 0.57 (0.42-0.79) | 0.62 (0.43-0.90) | 159 (32.32) | 42 (17.07) | 0.43 (0.28-0.65) | 0.44 (0.27-0.71) | 93 (35.50) | 41 (31.30) | 0.89 (0.53-1.50) | 0.97 (0.54-1.77) | ||
| Legumes | ||||||||||||||
| T1 | 252 (33.42) | 149 (39.52) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 187 (38.01) | 101 (41.06) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 65 (24.81) | 48 (36.64) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| T2 | 251 (33.29) | 125 (33.16) | 0.84 (0.63-1.13) | 0.94 (0.67-1.31) | 158 (32.11) | 78 (31.71) | 0.91 (0.64-1.32) | 1.01 (0.67-1.52) | 93 (35.50) | 47 (35.88) | 0.68 (0.41-1.14) | 0.75 (0.41-1.35) | ||
| T3 | 251 (33.29) | 103 (27.32) | 0.69 (0.51-0.94) | 0.67 (0.47-0.96) | 147 (29.88) | 67 (27.24) | 0.84 (0.58-1.23) | 0.89 (0.58-1.39) | 104 (39.69) | 36 (27.48) | 0.47 (0.28-0.80) | 0.40 (0.21-0.73) | ||
| Tofu | ||||||||||||||
| T1 | 252 (33.42) | 142 (37.67) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 170 (34.55) | 98 (39.84) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 82 (31.30) | 44 (33.59) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| T2 | 250 (33.16) | 109 (28.91) | 0.77 (0.57-1.05) | 0.79 (0.56-1.12) | 157 (31.91) | 73 (29.67) | 0.81 (0.56-1.17) | 0.86 (0.56-1.31) | 93 (35.50) | 36 (27.48) | 0.72 (0.42-1.23) | 0.66 (0.63-1.21) | ||
| T3 | 252 (33.42) | 126 (33.42) | 0.89 (0.66-1.19) | 0.91 (0.65-1.28) | 165 (33.54) | 75 (30.49) | 0.79 (0.55-1.14) | 0.79 (0.52-1.21) | 87 (33.21) | 51 (38.93) | 1.09 (0.66-1.81) | 1.12 (0.53-1.99) | ||
| Soymilk | ||||||||||||||
| T1 | 252 (33.42) | 173 (45.89) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 170 (34.55) | 115 (46.75) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 82 (31.30) | 58 (44.27) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| T2 | 251 (33.29) | 111 (29.44) | 0.64 (0.48-0.87) | 0.69 (0.49-0.96) | 158 (32.11) | 74 (30.08) | 0.69 (0.48-1.00) | 0.74 (0.49-1.12) | 93 (35.50) | 37 (28.24) | 0.56 (0.34-0.94) | 0.60 (0.34-1.08) | ||
| T3 | 251 (33.29) | 93 (34.67) | 0.54 (0.40-0.73) | 0.61 (0.43-0.87) | 164 (33.33) | 57 (23.17) | 0.51 (0.35-0.75) | 0.60 (0.39-0.92) | 87 (33.21) | 36 (27.48) | 0.59 (0.35-0.98) | 0.63 (0.35-1.13) | ||
| Sprouts | ||||||||||||||
| T1 | 251 (33.29) | 146 (38.73) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 171 (34.76) | 105 (42.68) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 80 (30.53) | 41 (31.30) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| T2 | 252 (33.42) | 119 (31.56) | 0.81 (0.60-1.09) | 0.90 (0.64-1.26) | 163 (33.13) | 76 (30.89) | 0.76 (0.53-1.09) | 0.84 (0.55-1.28) | 89 (33.97) | 43 (32.82) | 0.94 (0.56-1.59) | 0.99 (0.54-1.79) | ||
| T3 | 251 (33.29) | 112 (28.71) | 0.77 (0.57-1.04) | 0.96 (0.61-1.21) | 158 (32.11) | 65 (26.42) | 0.67 (0.46-0.98) | 0.72 (0.46-1.11) | 93 (35.50) | 47 (35.88) | 0.99 (0.59-1.65) | 1.12 (0.62-2.02) | ||
| Fermented soy product (paste) | ||||||||||||||
| T1 | 252 (33.42) | 122 (32.36) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 164 (33.33) | 87 (35.37) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 88 (33.59) | 35 (26.72) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| T2 | 251 (33.29) | 116 (30.77) | 0.96 (0.70-1.30) | 0.97 (0.68-1.37) | 164 (33.33) | 75 (30.49) | 0.86 (0.59-1.26) | 0.93 (0.60-1.43) | 87 (33.21) | 41 (31.30) | 1.19 (0.69-2.03) | 1.06 (0.58-1.94) | ||
| T3 | 251 (33.29) | 139 (36.87) | 1.14 (0.85-1.54) | 1.08 (0.77-1.51) | 164 (33.33) | 84 (34.15) | 0.97 (0.67-1.40) | 0.90 (0.59-1.38) | 87 (33.21) | 55 (41.98) | 1.59 (0.95-2.67) | 1.46 (0.89-2.63) | ||
| Isoflavone | ||||||||||||||
| T1 | 251 (33.29) | 137 (36.34) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 166 (33.74) | 92 (37.40) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 85 (32.44) | 45 (34.35) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| T2 | 252 (33.42) | 144 (38.20) | 1.05 (0.78-1.40) | 1.13 (0.81-1.58) | 162 (32.93) | 100 (40.65) | 1.11 (0.78-1.59) | 1.14 (0.76-1.72) | 90 (34.35) | 44 (33.59) | 0.92 (0.55-1.54) | 1.06 (0.59-1.89) | ||
| T3 | 251 (33.29) | 96 (25.46) | 0.70 (0.51-0.96) | 0.70 (0.49-1.00) | 164 (33.33) | 54 (21.95) | 0.59 (0.40-0.89) | 0.63 (0.40-0.99) | 87 (33.21) | 42 (32.06) | 0.91 (0.54-1.53) | 0.82 (0.45-1.49) | ||
Criteria for tertile groups (total calorie intake adjusted); total soy product (g/day): T1 ≤ 48.39, T2 48.39-86.20, T3 > 86.20; non-fermented soy product (g/day): T1 ≤ 42.95, T2 42.95-85.54, T3 > 85.54; legumes (g/day): T1 ≤ 1.35, T2 1.35-3.19, T3 > 3.19; tofu (g/day): T1 ≤ 20.47, T2 20.47-40.05, T3 > 40.05; soymilk (g/day): T1 ≤ 4.24E-9, T2 4.24E-9-3.55, T3 > 3.55; sprouts (g/day): T1 ≤ 6.99, T2 6.99-15.89, T3 > 15.89; paste (g/day): T1 ≤ 2.29, T2 2.29-5.78, T3 > 5.78; isoflavone (mg/day): T1 ≤ 8.91, T2 8.91-17.39, T3 > 17.39. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; T, tertile.
a)
Adjusted by education, alcohol consumption, smoking status, Helicobacter pylori infection, and regular exercise.