Table 1.
Characteristics of Hispanic diabetic patients at pre-intervention (N = 92)
| Characteristic N (%) or Mean ± SD (Min, Max) | Overall (n = 92) | Family-Based Education Intervention (n = 51) | Attention Control (n = 41) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| T2DM Duration (years) | 8.1 ± 7.1 (0, 35) |
7.2 ± 6.7 (0, 35) |
9.2 ± 7.5 (0, 30) |
0.1576 |
|
| ||||
| Taking medicines for diabetes/blood sugar | 89 (97) | 48 (94) | 41 (100) | 0.2507 |
|
| ||||
| Use herbs, plants, licuados, or herbal medicines to treat DM | 44 (48) | 23 (45) | 21 (51) | 0.5591 |
|
| ||||
| Parent has Diabetes | 65 (71) | 32 (63) | 33 (80) | 0.0632 |
|
| ||||
| Ever attended diabetes class | 26 (28) | 12 (24) | 14 (34) | 0.2610 |
| Received printed materials regarding diabetes in past yr. | 50 (54) | 19 (37) | 31 (76) | 0.0002 |
|
| ||||
| Age (years) | 49.4 ± 11.3 (19, 78) |
49.9 ± 12.6 (19, 78) |
48.9 ± 9.6 (30, 71) |
0.7808 |
|
| ||||
| Gender | 0.6905 | |||
| Female | 54 (59) | 29 (57) | 25 (61) | |
| Male | 38 (41) | 22 (43) | 16 (39) | |
|
| ||||
| Country of origin | 0.4000 | |||
| United States | 2 (2) | 0 | 2 (5) | |
| Mexico | 74 (80) | 42 (82) | 32 (78) | |
| Other | 16 (17) | 9 (18) | 7 (17) | |
|
| ||||
| Language | 0.0849 | |||
| Spanish | 89 (97) | 51 (100) | 38 (93) | |
| English | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Other | 3 (3) | 0 | 3 (7) | |
|
| ||||
| Marital status | 0.6440 | |||
| Married/live with | 72 (78) | 41 (80) | 31 (76) | |
| Single/live alone | 12 (13) | 7 (14) | 5 (12) | |
| W/D/S* | 8 (9) | 3 (6) | 5 (12) | |
|
| ||||
| Education | 0.0693 | |||
| Less than 12 years | 69 (75) | 42 (82) | 27 (66) | |
| ≥High School to Some college | 23 (25) | 9 (18) | 14 (34) | |
|
| ||||
| Length in U.S. (years) | 18.4 ± 8.6 (0.2, 51.0) |
19.4 ± 9.3 (0.2, 42.0) |
17.3 ± 7.5 (7.0, 51.0) |
0.2998 |
|
| ||||
| Household income | <0.0001 | |||
| Less than $10,000 | 49 (53) | 40 (78) | 9 (22) | |
| $10,000 – $19,999 | 20 (22) | 8 (16) | 12 (29) | |
| $20,000 or more | 15 (16) | 2 (4) | 13 (32) | |
|
| ||||
| Health insurance | 27 (29) | 18 (35) | 9 (22) | 0.1624 |
|
| ||||
| Co-morbidities (CMs) | ||||
| DX heart trouble | 14 (15) | 9 (18) | 5 (12) | 0.4693 |
| Heart attack | 7 (8) | 6 (12) | 1 (2) | 0.1262 |
| High BP | 56 (61) | 28 (55) | 28 (68) | 0.1417 |
| Stroke | 5 (5) | 2 (4) | 3 (7) | 0.6528 |
| Kidney trouble | 24 (26) | 13 (25) | 11 (27) | 0.8290 |
| Sores | 9 (10) | 7 (14) | 2 (5) | 0.2896 |
| Limb nerve damage | 46 (50) | 28 (55) | 18 (44) | 0.2943 |
| No. of Comorbidities | 1.8 ± 1.3 (0, 6) | 1.8 ± 1.5 (0, 6) | 1.7 ± 1.2 (0, 4) | 0.7658 |
|
| ||||
| A1C (%) | 8.9 ± 2.1 (5.7, 13.1) |
8.5 ± 2.1 (5.7, 13.1) |
9.5 ± 2.0 (5.7, 13.1) |
0.0211 |
| 4.3 to 5.2% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0713 |
| 5.3 to 5.6% | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 5.7 to 6.4% | 9 (10) | 7 (13) | 2 (5) | |
| 6.5 to 6.9% | 12 (13) | 10 (20) | 2 (5) | |
| 7.0 to 7.9% | 18 (20) | 11 (22) | 7 (17) | |
| 8.0 to 8.9% | 10 (11) | 4 (8) | 6 (15) | |
| 9.0 to 9.9% | 16 (17) | 7 (14) | 9 (22) | |
| 10.0 to 10.9% | 8 (9) | 3 (6) | 5 (12) | |
| 11.0 to 11.9% | 9 (10) | 6 (12) | 3 (7) | |
| 12.0 to 13.0% | 4 (4) | 0 | 4 (10) | |
| >13.0% | 6 (7) | 3 (6) | 3 (7) | |
|
| ||||
| A1C (mmol/mol) | 74 ± 23 (39, 120) |
69 ± 23 (39, 120) |
80 ± 21.9 (5.7, 13.1) |
0.0211 |
| 23 to 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0713 |
| 34 to 38 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 39 to 47 | 9 (10) | 7 (13) | 2 (5) | |
| 48 to 52 | 12 (13) | 10 (20) | 2 (5) | |
| 53 to 63 | 18 (20) | 11 (22) | 7 (17) | |
| 64 to 74 | 10 (11) | 4 (8) | 6 (15) | |
| 75 to 85 | 16 (17) | 7 (14) | 9 (22) | |
| 86 to 96 | 8 (9) | 3 (6) | 5 (12) | |
| 97 to 107 | 9 (10) | 6 (12) | 3 (7) | |
| 108 to 119 | 4 (4) | 0 | 4 (10) | |
| >119 | 6 (7) | 3 (6) | 3 (7) | |
|
| ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.2 ± 5.2 (22.5, 48.1) |
30.9 ± 5.7 (22.6, 48.1) |
31.6 ± 4.6 (22.5, 42.1) |
0.2417 0.3962 |
| <18.5 kg/m2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 18.5 – 24.9 kg/m2 | 7 (8) | 5 (10) | 2 (5) | |
| 25 – 29.9 kg/m2 | 38 (41) | 23 (45) | 15 (37) | |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 47 (51) | 23 (45) | 24 (59) | |
|
| ||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 130.6 ± 15.6 (100, 190) |
128.6 ± 18.3 (100, 190) |
133.1 ± 11.0 (110, 160) |
0.0311 0.1130 |
| <120 | 17 (18) | 13 (25) | 4 (10) | |
| 120 – 129 | 22 (24) | 13 (25) | 9 (22) | |
| 130 – 139 | 31 (34) | 15 (29) | 16 (39) | |
| 140 – 159 | 17 (18) | 6 (12) | 11 (27) | |
| ≥160 | 5 (5) | 4 (8) | 1 (2) | |
|
| ||||
| High BP (mmHg) | 0.4879 | |||
| SBP≥140 or DBP≥90 | 28 (30) | 14 (27) | 14 (34) | |
| SBP<140 & DBP<90 | 64 (70) | 37 (73) | 27 (66) | |
|
| ||||
| Activity (IPAQ) Total MET-min/wk |
4514.9 ± 6425.5 (0, 23940) |
4983.1 ± 6906.2 (0, 23940) |
3932.0 ± 5871.2 (0, 23136) |
0.3724 |
|
| ||||
| BFRSS fruits/vegetables | 2.6 ± 0.4 (1.3, 3.7) |
2.6 ± 0.4 (1.3, 3.7) |
2.7 ± 0.4 (1.7, 3.5) |
0.7251 |
|
| ||||
| Supportive Resources (CIRS) (α=.63) | 1.6 ± 0.4 (1.0, 2.7) |
1.4 ± 0.3 (1.0, 2.5) |
1.7 ± 0.4 (1.0, 2.7) |
0.0018 |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes self-efficacy (DSE) (α=.85) | 6.6 ± 2.1 (1, 10) |
6.4 ± 1.8 (1.4, 10) |
6.8 ± 2.4 (1, 10) |
0.1849 |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes self-management: Diet (SDSCA) (α=.63) |
3.1 ± 1.4 (0, 6.8) |
3.0 ± 1.5 (0, 6.8) |
3.2 ± 1.4 (0.8, 6.0) |
0.5646 |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes self-management: General Diet (SDSCA) (α=.87) | 3.1 ± 2.0 (0, 7) |
3.0 ± 1.9 (0, 7) |
3.3 ± 2.1 (0, 7) |
0.5119 |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes self-management: Blood (SDSCA) (α=.84) |
1.7 ± 2.3 (0, 7) |
1.8 ± 2.3 (0, 7) |
1.7 ± 2.1 (0, 7) |
0.9120 |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes self-management: Foot (SDSCA) (α=.58) |
3.3 ± 2.5 (0, 7) |
2.6 ± 2.4 (0, 7) |
4.1 ± 2.5 (0, 7) |
0.0042 |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes self-management: Meds (SDSCA) |
6.3 ± 1.8 (0, 7) |
6.1 ± 2.1 (0, 7) |
6.6 ± 1.3 (0, 7) |
0.2620 |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes knowledge (SKILLD) (KR-20=.73) | 3.5 ± 2.4 (0, 9) |
2.9 ± 2.5 (0, 9) |
4.2 ± 2.2 (0, 9) |
0.0113 |
|
| ||||
| SF-12v2 Physical Health (αc=.82) | 48.3 ± 8.6 (23.9, 62.2) |
48.9 ± 9.2 (23.9, 62.2) |
47.5 ± 7.7 (26.9, 57.6) |
0.3080 |
|
| ||||
| SF-12v2 Mental Health (αc =.86) |
47.8 ± 11.5 (26.8, 68.4) |
45.9 ± 10.2 (29.1, 64.6) |
50.2 ± 12.7 (26.8, 68.4) |
0.0779 |