Table 2.
Impact of diabetes intervention on change in patient outcomes over time
| Time-Point1 | Overall2 P |
Pairwise comparison P for I vs. C3 |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Intervention (1) | Post-Intervention (2) | 1-Month Follow-up (3) |
6-Month Follow-up (4) |
|||||||||
| I | C | I | C | I | C | I | C | 2 vs. 1 | 3 vs. 1 | 4 vs. 1 | ||
| SKILLD diabetes knowledge (KR-20=.73) |
3.0 (2.3, 3.8) |
4.2 (3.4, 4.9) |
8.6 (8.0, 9.1) |
6.3 (5.5, 7.2) |
7.7 (7.0, 8.4) |
6.5 (5.8, 7.1) |
7.3 (6.8, 7.7) |
6.6 (6.0, 7.3) |
<0.001 | <0.001 | 0.016 | 0.146 |
| DSE diabetes self-efficacy (α=.85) |
6.4 (5.9, 6.9) |
6.8 (6.0, 7.6) |
8.5 (8.1, 8.9) |
7.3 (6.6, 7.9) |
8.5 (8.2, 8.8) |
8.3 (7.7, 8.9) |
8.0 (7.7, 8.4) |
7.8 (7.3, 8.2) |
0.007 | 0.004 | 0.516 | 0.366 |
| CIRS family support (α=.63) |
1.4 (1.3, 1.5) |
1.7 (1.6, 1.8) |
1.7 (1.5, 1.9) |
1.8 (1.7, 2.0) |
1.6 (1.4, 1.7) |
2.0 (1.8, 2.1) |
1.7 (1.5, 1.8) |
1.7 (1.6, 1.9) |
0.028 | 0.115 | <0.001 | 0.194 |
| IPAQ MET-min/wk. |
5174.9 (3353.7, 6996.2) |
3902.3 (2038.1, 5766.5) |
5527.0 (3777.1, 7276.9) |
4692.1 (3185.1, 6199.0) |
5666.1 (3903.8, 7428.5) |
5004.2 (3471.4, 6537.0) |
6350.6 (4226.9, 8474.2) |
6539.5 (3836.0, 9243.0) |
0.096 | 0.066 | 0.048 | 0.019 |
| BRFSS fruits & veggies consumption |
2.7 (2.5, 2.8) |
2.6 (2.5, 2.8) |
2.8 (2.7, 2.9) |
2.8 (2.7, 2.9) |
2.8 (2.7, 2.9) |
2.8 (2.7, 2.9) |
2.7 (2.6, 2.8) |
2.7 (2.6, 2.9) |
0.934 | 0.834 | 0.885 | 0.847 |
| SDSCA Meds # days in past 7 |
6.4 (5.9, 6.9) |
6.7 (6.3, 7.1) |
6.3 (5.9, 6.8) |
6.6 (6.2, 7.0) |
6.3 (5.8, 6.8) |
6.6 (6.2, 7.0) |
6.2 (5.6, 6.8) |
6.5 (6.0, 7.0) |
0.946 | 0.276 | 0.241 | 0.165 |
| SDSCA blood sugar testing (α=.84) |
2.2 (1.5, 2.8) |
2.1 (1.4, 2.8) |
2.2 (1.6, 2.8) |
2.1 (1.4, 2.7) |
2.2 (1.6, 2.8) |
2.1 (1.4, 2.7) |
2.3 (1.6, 3.0) |
2.0 (1.2, 2.8) |
0.2676 | 0.8646 | 0.8129 | 0.6091 |
| SDSCA foot (α=.58) |
2.6 (1.9, 3.3) |
4.2 (3.3, 5.0) |
5.9 (5.1, 6.8) |
5.5 (4.5, 6.4) |
5.2 (4.5, 6.0) |
6.3 (5.7, 6.8) |
5.5 (4.9, 6.0) |
6.2 (5.7, 6.6) |
0.083 | 0.596 | 0.067 | 0.035 |
| SDSCA general diet (α=.87) |
3.1 (2.5, 3.7) |
3.5 (2.7, 4.2) |
4.7 (4.0, 5.5) |
3.9 (3.1, 4.7) |
4.4 (3.7, 5.1) |
3.5 (2.8, 4.3) |
3.7 (3.2, 4.2) |
3.5 (3.0, 4.0) |
0.061 | 0.116 | 0.086 | 0.517 |
| A1C (%) | 8.5 (7.9, 9.1) |
9.4 (8.8, 10.0) |
7.7 (7.1, 8.2) |
8.7 (8.1, 9.3) |
7.7 (7.1, 8.3) |
9.0 (8.3, 9.6) |
8.4 (7.8, 9.0) |
8.2 (7.7, 8.8) |
<0.001 | 0.020 | 0.005 | 0.674 |
| A1C (mmol/mol) |
65 (63, 76) |
79 (73, 86) |
61 (54, 66) |
72 (65, 78) |
61 (54, 67) |
75 (67, 81) |
68 (62, 75) |
66 (61, 73) |
<0.001 | 0.020 | 0.005 | 0.674 |
| SF-12v2 PCS physical HRQOL (αc=.82) |
49.5 (47.2, 51.8) |
49.1 (46.9, 51.3) |
50.6 (48.8, 52.4) |
49.5 (47.4, 51.5) |
51.1 (49.4, 52.8) |
49.6 (47.5, 51.7) |
53.3 (51.4, 55.1) |
50.3 (47.2, 53.5) |
0.678 | 0.150 | 0.079 | 0.006 |
| SF-12v2 MCS mental HRQOL (αc=.86) |
47.2 (44.7, 49.8) |
50.0 (46.8, 53.3) |
47.7 (45.3, 50.1) |
51.7 (49.1, 54.4) |
47.9 (45.5, 50.4) |
52.4 (49.8, 55.0) |
48.9 (45.9, 52.0) |
55.7 (52.0, 59.4) |
0.154 | 0.264 | 0.309 | 0.626 |
*
Note. Results are based on mixed-effect models for outcome with IPW propensity score adjustment (except ranks of IPAQ tested).
1
Numbers presented are model-based least-squares means using median time from pre-intervention, (95% CI for means). Median time from pre-intervention to post-intervention, 1-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up were 2.5 months, 3.5 months, and 8.8 months, respectively;
2
P = Overall p-value is for omnibus test (group by time interaction) for any differences in change over time between groups;
3
P-value from testing difference in least-square mean estimates in post-hoc pairwise comparisons with baseline/pre-intervention.