Table A2.

Selected laws in the domain of general driving safety regulations used in analysis. The number of states enacting related laws in 1980–2010 is given in parentheses.

Domain	Policy	Law	Source
General Driving Regulation	Distracted driving	Restrictions on cell phone talking while driving (32)	[83]
		Restrictions on texting while driving (39)	[83]
		Primary Enforcement of talking and texting restrictions (38)	[83]
	Driver protection	Presence of a law that requires safety belt use for all passengers (49)	[84–86]
		Primary enforcement of seatbelt law for everyone in the car (34)	[86]
		Maximum fine for seatbelt non-use (1st offense) (49)	[86]
		Presence of a law that decreases monetary awards for injuries in lawsuits for seatbelt non-use (16)	[86]
	Graduated Driver’s License (GDL) programme	Minimum entry age or learner’s permit (50)	[87]
		Required minimum number of days one must hold a learner’s permit (50)	[87]
		Required minimum hours of supervised driving (44)	[87]
		Required minimum hours of supervised driving after completing driver education (40)	[87]
		Required minimum hours of night time or inclement weather practice hours (37)	[87]
		Minimum age at which one can obtain a license (50)	[87]
		Whether night time unsupervised driving is restricted with a learner’s permit (48)	[87]
		Earliest time at which nighttime driving restriction may be lifted (33)	[87]
		Minimum age at which night time driving restriction may be lifted (48)	[87]
		Enforcement priority for GDL nighttime driving restriction law (48)	[87]
		Whether the state bans teenage passengers for a certain period (15)	[87]
		Minimum age at which a driver can have a teenage passenger in the vehicle (15)	[87]
		Enforcement priority for GDL teenage passenger restriction law (15)	[87]
	Child restraints	Whether use of a child restraint is regulated (49)	[88]
		Whether use of a child restraint for infant passengers is regulated (50)	[88]
		Whether use of a child restraint for toddlers is covered (50)	[88]
		Whether use of a child restrain is covered for booster seat age children (48)	[88]
		Primary enforcement of child restraint laws (49)	[88]
		Whether children must be seated in the back of the vehicle (15)	[88]
		Primary enforcement of rear seating for children (13)	[88]