Table 4.

Hierarchical models predicting civic outcomes from participation in generation citizen and classroom project characteristics

	Civic outcome variables
	Future civic commitment	Civic self-efficacy	Action civics knowledge	Political knowledge
	β (SE) p	β (SE) p	β (SE) p	β (SE) p
Control variables
Model 1
Individual level
Female	−.005 (.086)	−.004 (.086)	.196 (.103)†	.086 (.075)
Asian	−.145 (.129)	.080 (.139)	−.120 (.120)	−.405 (.115)***
Black	−.144 (.166)	−.078 (.163)	−.292 (.155)†	−.207 (.150)
Latino	−.039 (.156)†	.095 (.177)	−.279 (.149)†	−.450 (.139)***
Other	.026 (.166)	.063 (.166)	−.287 (.156)†	−.190 (.145)
One to five absences	.010 (.107)	−.051 (.108)	−.152 (.102)	−.190 (.145)*
More than five absences	−.032 (.129)	−.072 (.129)	−.153 (.111)	−.140 (.107)
Classroom level
Elective	.131 (.251)	.040 (.230)	−.296 (.247)	−.210 (.093)
Civics	.282 (.201)	.185 (.195)	−.200 (.201)	−.140 (.107)
Number of DCs	−.050 (.111)	−.173 (.104)	.225 (.111)*	.002 (.341)
HS	−.146 (.140)	.040 (.132)	.455 (.139)***	.181 (.200)
FRPL	−.002 (.004)	−.179 (.262)	−.003 (.004)	−.005 (.006)
Main effects
Model 2
Generation citizen	.273 (.150)†	.318 (.138)*	.522 (.144)***	.360 (.212)†
Model 3
Context	.161 (.117)	−.009 (.113)	.022 (.116)	.274 (.210)
Model 4
Content (safety)	−1.09 (.158)	.063 (.144)	.091 (.158)	−.111 (.2334)
Content (school env.)	−.219 (.153)	−.090 (.142)	.020 (.152)	.022 (.224)
Model 5
Contact with decision makers	.066 (.144)	.059 (.119)	.100 (.123)	−.035 (.210)
Interactions
Model 7
Interaction GCXContext	.310 (.283)	.213 (.268)	−.360 (279)	−.762 (.396)
Model 8
Interaction GCXSafety	.997 (.333)**	.556 (.337)	.689 (.337)*	.550 (.531)
Interaction GCXSchEnv	.231 (.349)	.087 (.365)	.699 (.357)*	.677 (.532)
Model 9
Interaction GCXContact	−.200 (.463)	−.226 (.354)	−.749 (.299)**	−.400 (.539)

DCs, democracy coaches; HS, high school; FRPL, free and reduced price lunch.

^†p < .10,

^*p < .05,

^**p < .01,

^***p < .001