Table 3.
Variable association with long acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) exposure, sterilization, or hysterectomy among women Veterans from recent Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts (Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and New Dawn, OEF/OIF/OND).
| Variable | Level | Any contraception v. None3 | Reversible v. Non-reversible4 | IUD v. Implant | Hysterectomy v. Sterilization | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Odds Ratio (95% CI)1,2 | N | Odds Ratio (95% CI)1,2 | N | Odds Ratio (95% CI)1,2 | N | Odds Ratio (95% CI)1,2 | ||
| Age Group | 18–34 | 12733 | (Ref)*** | 1793 | (Ref)*** | 1589 | (Ref) | 204 | (Ref)*** |
| 35–44 | 2653 | 0.44 (0.37–0.52) *** | 188 | 0.19 (0.13–0.27) *** | 97 | 1.19 (0.51–3.36) | 91 | 7.64 (3.62–17.65) *** | |
| Any Medical Indicators | 8138 | 1.45 (1.29–1.63) *** | 1368 | 0.80 (0.56–1.14) | 1135 | 1.38 (0.87–2.16) | 233 | 1.17 (0.57–2.43) | |
| Any Mental Health Indicators | 10494 | 1.52 (1.31–1.77) *** | 1694 | 1.05 (0.66–1.6) | 1432 | 0.84 (0.41–1.59) | 262 | 0.83 (0.29–2.27) | |
| Any Substance Abuse Indicators | 2411 | 0.87 (0.76–1.01) | 432 | 1.30 (0.90–1.90) | 361 | 1.40 (0.82–2.43) | 71 | 0.56 (0.26–1.18) | |
| Evidence of Smoking | 4553 | 1.10 (0.98–1.22 | 769 | 0.95 (0.70–1.28) | 645 | 1.12 (0.73–1.73) | 124 | 2.35 (1.27–4.45) ** | |
| Solid Organ Transplant | 8 | 0.63 (0.03–3.77) | 1 | #N/A | 0 | (Ref) | 1 | #N/A | |
| Bariatric Surgery | 8 | 1.27 (0.18–5.66) | 2 | #N/A | 2 | #N/A | 0 | #N/A | |
| Branch of Service | Air Force | 1709 | 1.03 (0.87–1.21) | 197 | 1.02 (0.66–1.62) | 164 | 0.77 (0.42–1.48) | 33 | 0.87 (0.32–2.43) |
| Army | 10913 | (Ref)*** | 1332 | (Ref) | 1131 | (Ref) | 201 | (Ref) | |
| Marines | 471 | 1.35 (1.04–1.73) * | 80 | 1.18 (0.58–2.73) | 72 | 0.45 (0.21–1.08) | 8 | 0.51 (0.10–2.58) | |
| Navy | 2293 | 1.32 (1.15–1.51) *** | 372 | 0.95 (0.66–1.38) | 319 | 0.79 (0.48–1.33) | 53 | 0.45 (0.20–0.97) * | |
| Combat Exposure | 5993 | 1.16 (1.05–1.27) ** | 876 | 0.90 (0.69–1.17) | 735 | 1.58 (1.06–2.37) * | 141 | 2.30 (1.31–4.12) ** | |
| Ever Homeless | 7279 | 1.21 (1.09–1.36) *** | 1208 | 0.95 (0.66–1.36) | 1024 | 1.48 (0.78–2.92) | 184 | 0.77 (0.362–1.65) | |
| Marital Status | Divorced/Separated | 1291 | 1.13 (0.93–1.37) | 151 | 0.47 (0.30–0.76) ** | 106 | 1.80 (0.73–5.45) | 45 | 1.83 (0.69–5.11) |
| Married | 4697 | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) | 595 | 0.42 (0.32–0.56) *** | 462 | 1.65 (1.04–2.71) * | 133 | 0.78 (0.43–1.40) | |
| Single | 9370 | (Ref) | 1232 | (Ref) | 1115 | (Ref) | 117 | (Ref) | |
| Unknown/Other | 28 | 0.91 (0.21–2.73) | 3 | #N/A | 3 | #N/A | 0 | #N/A | |
| MST | Declined | 49 | 0.60 (0.18–1.51) | 4 | 0.22 (0.02–2.01) | 2 | #N/A | 2 | < 0.01 |
| No | 9695 | (Ref)*** | 1259 | (Ref) | 1085 | (Ref) | 174 | (Ref) | |
| Unknown | 1596 | 0.03 (< 0.01–0.07) *** | 3 | 0.42 (0.03–11.01) | 2 | 0.04 (< 0.01–1.10) * | 1 | #N/A | |
| Yes | 4046 | 1.15 (1.03–1.28) ** | 715 | 0.96 (0.72–1.28) | 597 | 0.80 (0.53–1.20) | 118 | 0.80 (0.44–1.45) | |
| Race | Black | 4012 | 0.78 (0.68–0.89) *** | 469 | 1.00 (0.69–1.44) | 394 | 0.74 (0.46–1.20) | 75 | 2.39 (1.10–5.35) * |
| Other/Unknown | 5448 | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 771 | 0.93 (0.67–1.29) | 656 | 1.47 (0.90–2.40) | 115 | 2.16 (1.10–4.37) * | |
| White | 5926 | (Ref)** | 741 | (Ref) | 636 | (Ref)* | 105 | (Ref) | |
| Religion | Christian | 10002 | (Ref) | 1287 | (Ref) | 1085 | (Ref) | 202 | (Ref) |
| Other | 863 | 1.15 (0.94–1.41) | 128 | 0.95 (0.57–1.64) | 107 | 1.34 (0.60–3.65) | 21 | 0.67 (0.23–1.97) | |
| Unknown | 4521 | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) | 566 | 1.23 (0.90–1.69) | 494 | 1.01 (0.66–1.57) | 72 | 0.85 (0.45–1.63) | |
Logistic regression models were fit with data that was limited to Army, Navy, Air Force and Marines. Also those where the type of LARC at first evidence could not be conclusively determined were excluded.
LARC= long acting reversible contraception; IUD= intrauterine device; CI= confidence interval; MST= military sexual trauma
Significance for variable overall given next to the reference level denoted by “(Ref)”. Estimates provided are the difference from the reference level and the provided significance for that coefficient specifically not the variable overall.
Significance levels are interpreted as follows: ‘***’, p-value ≤ 0.001; ‘**’, p-value ≤ 0.01; ‘*’, p-value ≤ 0.05; ‘.’, p-value ≤ 0.10, no symbol indicates the coefficient or variable was not significant.
Any = IUD, Implant, Hysterectomy, or Sterilization.
Reversible = IUD or Implant.