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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Oct 24.
Published in final edited form as: World Med Health Policy. 2017 Mar 16;9(1):24–44. doi: 10.1002/wmh3.222

Figure 1. Spike in average drug expenditures per patient quarter before supply-side EML.

Figure 1

Note: The upper line represents average pharmaceutical expenditures per patient quarter; the lower line represents average out-of-pocket spending on pharmaceuticals per patient quarter. The first vertical line represents the SEML (“zero mark-up”) policy ramp-up period. The second represents the implementation of supply-side EML, SEML (“zero mark-up”), in June 2010. The third vertical line shows implementation of improved insurance coverage with demand-side EML (DEML).