Table 2.

Characteristics of Participants in Study 1 (N = 12 per condition)

Measure	Training condition						p
	Steps		Decision-action		Concept map
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Age	20.42	1.78	20.50	1.62	20.83	1.19	–
Digit symbol substitutiona	95.33	12.71	95.33	15.59	105.08	15.87	.19
Reverse digit spanb	8.92	1.88	8.58	2.02	7.75	1.66	.30
Shipley vocabularyc	32.75	3.14	32.67	3.17	32.00	3.46	.83

Alpha level was set at .05; none of the group differences were significant

^aNumber correct out of 120 within 2 min (Wechsler 1997)

^bNumber correct out of 14 (Wechsler)

^cNumber correct out of 40 (Shipley and Zachary 1939)