Table 4.

Heterogeneous effects of air quality, by sender and age

A. Hedonic unhappiness
Dependent variable	Gender		Age
Hedonic unhappiness	Male	Female	Young (16–39)	Middle (40–59)	Old (60 or above)
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Dependent Variable mean	0.647	0.792	0.740	0.739	0.680
API(÷100)	0.128** (0.050)	0.070* (0.042)	0.074 (0.059)	0.101*** (0.038)	0.101* (0.061)
Observations	12,464	13,209	5,823	12,265	7,585
Adjusted (within) R-squared	0.017	0.025	0.031	0.022	0.021
B. Mental well-being
Dependent variable	Gender		Age
CES-D scores	Male	Female	Young (16–39)	Middle (40–59)	Old (60 or above)
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Dependent Variable mean	2.579	3.236	2.675	2.965	3.025
API(÷100)	0.173 (0.158)	0.493*** (0.155)	0.490** (0.194)	0.373** (0.166)	0.180 (0.210)
Observations	12,439	13,154	5,821	12,234	7,538
Adjusted (within) R-squared	0.019	0.032	0.035	0.030	0.029
C. Depressive symptoms
Dependent variable	Gender		Age
Depressive symptoms	Male	Female	Young (16–39)	Middle (40–59)	Old (60 or above)
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Dependent Variable mean	0.278	0.348	0.302	0.317	0.319
API (÷100)	0.034 (0.022)	0.069*** (0.019)	0.111*** (0.031)	0.033 (0.021)	0.049* (0.026)
Observations	12,439	13,154	5,821	12,234	7,538
Adjusted (within) R-squared	0.011	0.018	0.030	0.014	0.019

Source: China Family Panel Studies 2010 and 2014.

Note: Other covariates and fixed effects are the same as those in column (4) of Table 2. Robust standard errors, clustered at the county level, are presented in parentheses. CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. API = air pollution index.

^*10% significance level.

^**5% significance level.

^***1% significance level.