Table 5.

Heterogeneous effects of air quality, by income level and education

A. Hedonic unhappiness
Dependent variable	Income level				Education
Hedonic unhappiness	0–25%	25–50%	50–75%	75–100%	Less educated (education<9)	More educated (education≥9)
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Dependent Variable mean	0.798	0.775	0.723	0.634	0.763	0.685
API(÷100)	0.258*** (0.086)	0.128** (0.062)	0.054 (0.052)	0.008 (0.042)	0.120*** (0.039)	0.072* (0.040)
Observations	5,176	5,617	6,468	7,798	12,185	13,488
Adjusted (within) R-squared	0.037	0.027	0.030	0.023	0.019	0.024
B. Mental well-being
Dependent variable	Income level				Education
CES-D scores	0–25%	25–50%	50–75%	75–100%	Less educated (education<9)	More educated (education≥9)
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Dependent Variable mean	3.477	3.246	2.850	2.365	3.315	2.559
API (÷100)	1.038*** (0.306)	0.694*** (0.245)	−0.127 (0.146)	0.109 (0.192)	0.543*** (0.169)	0.126 (0.134)
Observations	5,152	5,603	6,445	7,782	12,123	13,470
Adjusted (within) R-squared	0.047	0.036	0.038	0.029	0.023	0.028
C. Depressive symptoms
Dependent variable	Income level				Education
Depressive symptoms	0–25%	25–50%	50–75%	75–100%	Less educated (education<9)	More educated (education≥9)
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Dependent Variable mean	0.375	0.349	0.305	0.254	0.355	0.277
API (÷100)	0.111***	0.124***	−0.017	0.022	0.080***	0.022
	(0.031)	(0.037)	(0.024)	(0.022)	(0.020)	(0.022)
Observations	5,152	5,603	6,445	7,782	12,123	13,470
Adjusted (within) R-squared	0.030	0.025	0.018	0.014	0.018	0.012

Source: China Family Panel Studies 2010 and 2014.

Note: Other covariates and fixed effects are the same as those in column (4) of Table 2. Robust standard errors, clustered at the county level, are presented in parentheses. CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. API = air pollution index.

^*10% significance level.

^**5% significance level.

^***1% significance level.