Table 10.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of measles retinopathy
| Author (year) |
Age (years) |
Gender | Laterality | Immuno- deficiency |
Associated conditions |
Method of diagnosis |
Symptoms | Signs | VA at presen- tation |
Treatment | Complications | Duration of follow- up (months) |
VA at last visit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scheie et al (1972)212 | 6 | F | B | Nil | Measles | Clinical | Blurred vision | Blurred optic disk margins, diffuse retinal edema, attenuated arterioles, scattered retinal hemorrhages, macular star | OU: HM | ACTH, cortisone, tetracycline | Retinitis pigmentosa, visual field defect | 54 | OD: 6/9; OS: 6/12 |
| Tomoda et al (1997)238 | 10 | M | B | Nil | Measles at 8 months, SSPE | CSF, EEG | Visual loss | Macular degeneration, chorioretinitis | NR | Corticosteroids, interferon alpha | NR | 12 | NR |
| Nguyen et al (1999)182 | 9 | M | B | Nil | SSPE | Serology, CSF, EEG | Neurologic symptoms | RAPD, optic disk edema, multifocal, translucent pigment, epithelial-level lesions | OD: 20/800; OS: 20/30 | Isoprinosine | NR | NR | NR |
| Serdaroglu et al (2005)216 | 17 | M | B | Nil | Measles at 1.5 years, SSPE | CSF, EEG | Visual disorder, poor memory, jerky movements | Yellow-white retinitis-like lesion with hemorrhage | OD: CF 3 m; OS: 20/200 | Oral corticosteroid, IVIG, isoprinosine | Macular pigment mottling | 6 | Died |
| 14 | M | B | Nil | Measles at 2 years | CSF | Blurred vision, headache | Macular retinitis, macular edema, yellow-white lesions | OD: 20/400; OS: 20/200 | Beta interferon, isoprinosine | Hypopigmented/hyperpigmented mottling | 18 | OU: 20/20 | |
| Babu et al (2007)17 | 20 | M | B | Nil | SSPE | Serology, CSF, EEG | Sudden painless vision loss | Macular gray-white retinal lesions with geographic borders, yellow exudates, optic disk pallor | OD: 20/400; OS: 20/30 | Sedatives, antiepileptics | NR | 3 | Died |
| 25 | M | B | Nil | Measles at 7 years | Serology, CSF, EEG | Progressive vision loss | Macular RPE atrophy | OD: 20/200 OS: 20/800 | Antiseizure, isoprinosine, interferon | NR | 6 | No improvement | |
| Yuksel et al (2011)271 | Mean: 6.6 ± 2.5 | M: 19; F: 6 | B: 22; U: 3 | Nil | SSPE | CSF, EEG | Alternating exotropia | Retinal edema, vessel tortuosity, RPE changes, optic disk edema, optic atrophy, chorioretinitis | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Yimenicioglu et al (2012)268 | 15 | M | B | Nil | Measles at 8 months, SSPE | CSF, EEG | Decreased vision, amnesia | Atrophic macular pigmentary changes, active macular retinitis, hyperpigmentation | NR | Isoprinosine, vitamin A/C/E | Nil | 1 | NR |
| Baillif et al (2012)18 | 39 | M | B | Nil | Measles with neurologic symptoms at 4 years, SSPE | CSF, EEG | Sudden blurred vision | Diffuse RPE alteration, attenuated vessels, optic atrophy, retinal occlusive vasculitis, hemorrhages | OD: PL; OS: 20/400 | Acyclovir, prednisone, isoprinosine, interferon alpha, ribavirin | Macular scar | 3 | OD: PL; OS: CF; died |
| Summary; n, % | Mean: 16.2; range: 6 –39 | M: 27 (79.4); F: 7 (20.6) | B: 31 (91.2); U: 3 (8.8) | Nil | Measles, SSPE | Serology, CSF, EEG | Vision loss, neurological signs | Chorioretinitis, retinitis, retinal edema, vasculitis, hemorrhage, optic disk edema | Range: 20/30-PL | Isoprinosine, interferon alpha, corticosteroids | Retinitis pigmentosa, macular scar | Mean: 12.9; range: 1–54 | Majority worsen or die |
ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; B, bilateral; CF, counting fingers; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; EEG, electroencephalogram; F, female; HM, hand movement; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; M, male; NR, not reported; OD, oculus dexter; OS, oculus sinister; OU, oculus uterque; PL, light perception; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; RAPD, relative afferent pupillary defect; SSPE, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; U, unilateral; VA, visual acuity.