Table 11.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of rubella retinopathy
| Author (year) |
Age (years) |
Gender | Laterality | Immuno- deficiency |
Associated conditions |
Method of diagnosis |
Symptoms | Signs | VA at presentation |
Treatment | Complications | Duration of follow- up (months) |
VA at last visit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kresky et al (1967)138 | Mean: 4.5 | M: 3 | B | Nil | Congenital rubella | Serology | Hearing loss | Abnormal areas of depigmentation and hyperpigmentation in macula, “salt and pepper” retinitis | OU: 20/20; OD: 20/80; OS: 20/40 | NR | Strabismus, nystagmus, nuclear cataracts | NR | NR |
| Collis et al (1970)45 | 1.4, 1.1 | NR | B | Nil | Congenital rubella | Serology | Blindness, hearing loss | Hazy cornea, pigmentary retinopathy, diffuse black granular pigmentation | NR | NR | Cataracts, iris atrophy | 17, 13 | NR |
| Orth et al (1980)186 | 11 | M | B | Nil | Congenital rubella | NR | Profound deafness, sudden vision loss | Macular pigment mottling, loss of foveolar reflex, yellow fibrotic scar, punctate hemorrhage | OD 20/20; OS 3/400 | NR | Disciform scar, band keratopathy, snowflake cataracts | NR | NR |
| 11 | M | U | Hearing loss, decreased vision | Diffuse pigment epithelial mottling, salt and pepper appearance, yellow fibrotic macular scar | OS 20/400 | Disciform scar | |||||||
| 12 | M | B | Deaf, vision loss | Salt and pepper pigmentary mottling, loss of macular ring and foveolar reflex, serous RD, subretinal hemorrhage | OD 20/400; OS 20/20 | Nil | |||||||
| Hayashi et al (1982)86 | 50 | M | B | Betame-thasone for 20 days | Acquired rubella | Serology | Decreased visual acuity | Localized dark-gray atrophic lesions at posterior pole, diffuse RD, anterior uveitis | NR | Nil | Atrophic RPE | 3 | “normal” |
| Hirano et al (2000)92 | 7 | F | B | Nil | Congenital rubella | NR | Sudden visual loss | Rubella retinopathy | NR | NR | Neovascular maculopathy | 10 | NR |
| 12 | F | B | Nil | Congenital rubella | NR | Visual loss | Rubella retinopathy, neovascular maculopathy | NR | NR | Nil | 10 | NR | |
| Wang et al (2002)256 | 36 | M | B | Nil | Congenital rubella | NR | Decreased visual acuity, central scotoma, metamorphopsia | Diffuse mottling with RPE clumping, submacular hemorrhage | OD: 20/200; OS: 20/25 | Photodynamic therapy (verteporfin) | Subfoveal choroidal neovascularization, subretinal fibrosis | 5 | OD: 20/60 |
| Khurana et al (2006)129 | 39 | F | B | Nil | Congenital rubella | NR | Congenital hearing loss, no visual problems | Granular, pigmentary mottling, punctuate hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation consistent with “salt and pepper” retinopathy | OU 20/20 | Nil | Nil | 4 | 20/20 |
| Damasceno et al (2010)52 | 28 | M | U | Nil | Acquired rubella | Serology | Sudden vision loss, preceding flu-like illness | RAPD, fine KPs, AC cells, mild vitritis, resolving neuroretinitis, macular star, retinal edema, vasculitis, papillitis | OD: 20/200 | Prednisone | “Salt and pepper” fundus | 2 | OD: 20/60 |
| Summary; n, % | Mean: 17.8; range: 1.1–50 | M: 9 (75.0); F: 3 (25.0) | B: 11 (84.6); U: 2 (15.4) | Nil, Cortico-steroid | Congenital: 11 (84.6); acquired: 2 (15.4) | Serology | Vision loss, scotoma, metamorphopsia, hearing loss | Salt and pepper fundus, yellow fibrotic scar, retinal edema, hemorrhage, vasculitis, papillitis | Range: 20/20–20/400 | Nil, corticosteroids, PDT | Salt and pepper pigmentary retinopathy, disciform scar, choroidal neovascularization | Mean: 8; range: 2–17 | Majority improve or remain stable |
AC, anterior chamber; B, bilateral; F, female; KPs, keratic precipitates; M, male; NR, not reported; OD, oculus dexter; OS, oculus sinister; OU, oculus uterque; PDT, photodynamic therapy; RAPD, relative afferent pupillary defect; RD, retinal detachment; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; U, unilateral; VA, visual acuity.