Table 13.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of chikungunya posterior uveitis
| Author (year) |
Age (years) | Gender | Laterality | Immuno- deficiency |
Method of diagnosis |
Symptoms | Signs | VA at presentation |
Treatment | Complications | Duration of follow- up (months) |
VA at last visit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lalitha et al (2007)143 | Mean: 44.8; range: 22–57 | M: 21; F: 16 | B: 7; U: 30 | Nil | Clinical, serology | Blurring of vision | Retinitis with vitritis: 2; optic neuritis: 4; multifocal choroiditis with CME: 2; exudative RD: 2; neuroretinitis: 1; CRAO: 1 | Range: 20/20-PL; 20/20 –20/120: 24; <20/200: 7; <HM: 3 | Topical/systemic corticosteroids | RD, CRAO, optic neuritis/atrophy | Range: 0.5–3 | Improved: 11; same: 12; worse: 3 |
| Chanana et al (2007)33 | 16 | M | B | Nil | Serology | Decreased vision | Macular choroiditis with submacular exudates | OD: 20/400; OS: 20/40 | Oral prednisolone | Nil | 1.5 | OD: 20/120; OS: 20/30 |
| Mittal et al (2007)174 | Mean: 45.8 ± 15.6; range: 22–68 | M: 9; F: 5 | B: 5; U: 9 | Nil | Serology | Blurred vision: 19; impaired color vision: 19; pain: 3; diplopia: 1; redness: 1 | Papillitis: 8; neuroretinitis: 3 | Range: 6/6-CF; 6/6–6/12: 3; 6/18–6/60: 5; <6.60: 11 | IV methylprednisolone, oral prednisolone | Optic atrophy, disk pallor/edema | 0.75 | Improved: 10; >6/12: 12 |
| Mahendradas et al (2008)158 | Mean: 43; range: 32–55 | M: 2; F: 1 | B: 1; U: 2 | Nil | Serology | Blurring of vision | Viral retinitis: 3; vitritis, hyperemic disk, area of confluent retinal opacity in posterior pole, retinal and macular edema, hemorrhage | OU: 20/2000 | Systemic acyclovir, oral prednisolone | Serous RD | 1.5 | OD: 20/20; OS: 20/40 |
| OS: 20/20000 | OS: 20/60 | |||||||||||
| OD: 20/200 | OD: 20/40 | |||||||||||
| Murthy et al (2008)177 | 35 | M | B | Nil | Serology (aqueous tap positive for HSV) | Decreased vision | RAPD, retinitis, hemorrhages in posterior pole, hyperemia and blurring of disk margins (neuroretinitis) | OD: CF 2 m; OS: 20/20 | IV/oral acyclovir, intravitreal ganciclovir, oral steroids | Nil | 5 | OD: 20/120; OS: 20/20 |
| Mahesh et al (2009)159 | 48 | F | B | Nil | Serology (ELISA and PCR) | Decreased vision | Optic disk edema, intraretinal hemorrhages, peripapillary cotton wool spots, retinitis with macular star | OD: 20/80; OS: 20/60 | Symptomatic, oral prednisolone | Nil | 2 | OD: 20/30; OS: 20/20 |
| Rose et al (2011)203 | Mean: 35.6; range: 22–45 | M: 7; F: 1 | B: 3; U: 5 | Nil | Clinical, serology | Sudden blurring of vision, scotoma | Papillitis: 7; neuroretinitis: 1; RAPD, disk edema, hemorrhage | Range: 6/6-PL | IV methylprednisolone, oral prednisolone | Nil | 1 | Improved >6/12: 9 |
| Nair et al (2012)180 | 65 | M | B | Nil | PCR | Decreased vision | Neuroretinitis, cotton wool spots, hemorrhages, grade 2 vitreous haze | OD: 20/200; OS: 20/400 | Oral steroids, oral acyclovir | Nil | 0.75 | NR; “partial resolution” |
| Summary; n, % | Mean: 41.7; range: 16–68 | M: 42 (63.6); F: 24 (36.4) | B: 20; U: 46 | Nil | Clinical, serology, ELISA, PCR | Blurring of vision, pain, diplopia, scotoma, redness | Vitritis, retinitis, multifocal choroiditis, neuroretinitis, retinal edema, hemorrhage | Range: 20/20-PL | Corticosteroids, acyclovir | RD, optic atrophy, CRAO | Mean: 1.8; range: 0.5–3 | Improved: 37; (56.1) |
B, bilateral; CME, cystoid macular edema; CF, counting fingers; CRAO, central retinal artery occlusion; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; F, female; HM, hand movement; HSV, herpes simplex virus; IV, intravenous; M, male; NR, not reported; OD, oculus dexter; OS, oculus sinister; OU, oculus uterque; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PL, light perception; RAPD, relative afferent pupillary defect; RD, retinal detachment; U, unilateral; VA, visual acuity.